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SHB Råvarubrevet 16 augusti 2013

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Handelsbanken - Råvarubrevet - Nyhetsbrev om råvaror

Handelsbanken - Råvarubrevet inklusive ädelmetallerRåvaror allmänt

Back to School

Efter sköna lata dagar är de flesta tillbaka på arbetsplatsen och fokus ligger åter på ekonomisk data och aktuella teman för hösten. Tre teman kommer dominera prisutvecklingen för industriråvaror under andra halvåret: Eurozonen, Fed och Kina. En glad överraskning efter sommaren var att Eurozonen hoppade upp ur recessionsträsket. 0,3 % tillväxt under Q2 är såklart välkommet som bidrag till globala tillväxten. Visserligen kommer inte positiv tillväxt i Eurozonen, skapad av Tyskland och Frankrike, att lösa de djupt rotade problemen i de perifera länderna i Europa, de kan till och med bli en negativ effekt spunnen ur den starkare eurokursen som kommer av starka kärnländer, men givet rådande låga förväntningar på EMU så tror vi att EMU data har potential att driva prisuppgångar framöver. Sammanfattningsvis är recensionen över medan skuldkrisen lever.

Om Eurozonen är marginellt bättre så kompenseras det av Feds påbörjan av att minska sitt bidrag till marknaden. Antagligen redan i september men i kombination med löften om att hålla räntorna låga mycket längre. Därför tror vi att ”tapering” endast får liten negativ inverkan på råvarupriser. Temat har varit känt sedan maj, övriga centralbanker är fortfarande expansiva och Fed väntas enbart trimma sina stödköp om USA:s ekonomi fortsätter att stärkas.

Om vi antar att dessa båda teman balanserar varandra (om än med övervikt åt positiv EMU effekt) så återstår Kina som det osäkra kortet. Senaste omgången med data var klart bättre än väntat. Handelsdata och råvaruimport var klarast lysande stjärnor. Råvaruimporten av de fyra stora, järnmalm, olja, koppar och sojabönor var den högsta på ett år. Ett sammanträffande som säger något då dessa råvaror används i vitt skilda sektorer. Uppgången har drivits av ökade investeringar och ökad kreditgivning tidigare i år. För råvarornas del tror vi att det handlar om en klassik ”restocking” där lagerkedjan är på mycket låga nivåer efter besvärliga tider och åtstramade krediter i Kina. Vårt argument för att det inte rör sig om en ökad slutkonsumtion är främst industri PMI som hovrar omkring 50-strecket. Icke desto mindre kan lagerrörelsen driva industriråvaror under en månad eller två.

Handelsbankens råvaruindex 16 augusti 2013

Basmetaller

Kina stärker metallerna

Kinas ekonomi har tappat fart under 9 av de 10 senaste kvartalen. Efter en serie av små förändringar från beslutsfattare så har trenden (åtminstone tillfälligt) vänt. Under juli steg industriproduktion, investeringar och bostadsbyggande. De är de viktigaste kategorierna för basmetaller som följaktligen också har stigit i pris. Vårt basmetallindex steg med 6 % under första halvan av augusti där samtliga basmetaller har stärkts med 6-8 %.

Extra bränsle fick brasan av en urstark kinesisk råvaruimport. Denna är visserligen laggad då det tar 6 veckor att skeppa koppar från Chile och järnmalm och sojabönor från Brasilien till Kina men att importen var upp bland vitt skilda råvaror är ett styrketecken. Basmetaller har varit hårt nedtryckta av korta positioner och med en starkare dataström från Kina så ska många korta positioner ut ur LME metallerna. Vi tror på stigande basmetaller med nickel som favorit.

Basmetallindex och prisutveckling på LME-nickel

Nickel är den basmetall som gått ner mest under året och med många gruvor som går med förlust på dagens prisnivåer tror vi på stigande priser. Vi tror på: LONG NICKEL H

Ädelmetaller

Guldet fortsatt starkt

Den 1 juli presenterade vi ett kortsiktigt köpcase på guld, baserat på att priset då rasat väldigt mycket på kort tid, på att kvartalsskiftet orsakade extra stora försäljningar, och på att inflationsförväntningarna börjat stiga igen. Vidare såg guldet rent tekniskt ut att vara översålt. Sedan dess har guldet gått från 1240 dollar per uns till nuvarande 1360 dollar, en uppgång på ca.10 procent. Vi tror att uppgången har lite mer att hämta, även om vi alltjämt håller i vår mer långsiktigt negativa vy.

Den nuvarande drivkraften är primärt den tragiska utvecklingen i Egypten som skapar riskaversion och flykt till mer upplevt säkra tillgångar som guld. Det är dock viktigt att ”dansa nära nödutgången” när man handlar mot sin långsiktiga vy, så vi måste vara påpassliga för plötsliga prisfall orsakade av bättre riskaptit eller fallande inflationsförväntningar. Vi ser fortfarande 1450 som en rimlig nivå att nå i denna uppåtrörelse.

Prisutveckling på guld och silver på Comex

I ett läge där råvaror generellt har viktats ned av institutionella placerare kan guld och silver få en ”omotiverad” uppgång när dessa indexköpare återvänder till råvaror drivit av bättre utsikter för Kina och USA. Vi tror på : LONG GULD H och LONG SILVER H

Energi

Dyrare olja i sommar

Stigande WTI olja och efterföljande Brent har dragit rubriker i sommar. För WTI handlar det mest om att logistiska knutar har lösts upp i USA och ökat utflödet från Cushing som är leveranspunkten för WTI. Lägre lager som sammanföll med stark bensinefterfrågan under driving season stärkte också priset. Brentoljan har också stigit, drivit av högre WTI och oroligheterna i Egypten/ Mellanöstern. Egypten i sig är inget stort oljeland men som stor ekonomi viktig för regionens (in)stabilitet. Presidentbyte i Iran har ännu inte lett till förändrad kommunikation kring sanktionerna. Rouhani är dock mer västvänlig än sin föregångare. I dagsläget är utbudstörningar i Irak mer prisdrivande. Ökat våld och politiskt vakuum har fått produktionsutsikterna på fall. Irak är idag OPEC:s näst största medlem sedan sanktionerna mot Iran infördes. Saudi har redan växlat upp produktionen för att kompensera vilket fått ner Brent något. Saudis roll är alltså inte över trots den boomande oljeproduktionen i USA.

Den korta elpriskurvan stärktes tillfälligt under sommaren med närmare 6 procent vilket främst orsakades av torrt väder och stigande kolpriser. Den hydrologiska balansen försämrades från -6 TWh till -11Twh för att sedan åter falla tillbaka till -6 TWh samtidigt som den negativa trenden på kolmarknaden fortsätter. Såväl gas som utsläppsrätterna handlas i stort sett oförändrat över sommaren samtidigt som spotpriserna i Norden kommer in på stabila nivåer, ca 30 öre per kWh i snitt sedan 1 juni och 33.5 öre i snitt hittills i år. Utsikterna framöver pekar på ett torrare scenario mot normalt vilket i kombination med något starkare kontinentala marknader bör ge fortsatt stöd i en semesterlugn elmarknad.

Oljepris, brent och WTI

Utsikterna framöver pekar på ett torrare scenario mot normalt vilket i kombination med något starkare kontinentala marknader bör ge fortsatt stöd. Vi tror på: LONG EL

Livsmedel

Goda skördar pressar priset

Priserna på de stora jordbruksgrödorna vete, majs och soja har fallit kraftigt under sommaren. I april skrev vi om ett lägre pris på vete framtill hösten på 15-18%, det har sedan dess fallit 15 % och därmed har vi sett det stora fall vi förväntade oss. Det finns fortfarande kvar risk på nedsidan men det kan vara dags att ta hem vinst för korta positioner. Anledningen till prisrasen är främst en generellt sett gynnsam utveckling för grödorna i flera viktiga odlingsområden. Majsen och sojan i USA fick en dålig och sen start men har därefter upplevt en ganska lång period av nära idealiska förhållanden. Förväntningarna på kommande skörd har med tiden skrivits upp flera gånger – det samtidigt som tiden för eventuella bakslag hela tiden minskat. Efter de stora prisfallen har priset på vete, majs och soja neutraliserats men vi ser fortsatt risk på nedsidan – om än mindre än tidigare.

För kakao har uteblivet regn och torka har ökat risken för minskad skörd i Elfenbenskusten, vilket har pressat upp priset till två års högsta. Vi ser också signaler på stigande konsumtion i tillväxtländerna och står därför kvar vid vår vy om fortsatt stigande kakaopris.

I många kaffeproducerande länder däremot, med Brasilien i spetsen, har det regnat i mängder under odlingsperioden och det råder viss oro kring kvalitén på kaffebönorna nu när vi går mot senare delen av skördeperioden. Förseningen har lett till att en del odlare sålt sin skörd till reducerade priser. Förutom nederbörden i Brasilien och fortsatta problem i Centralamerika och Mexico med svampsjukdomar väntas världsproduktionen på kaffe för säsongen 2013/-14 komma att minsta med 3 procent medan en blygsam ökning väntas på konsumtionssidan. Med andra ord så finns det än så länge gott om kaffe på marknaden varför vi tror på terminspris (frontkontrakt) under 1,25 dollar/Ib.

Sammanfattningsvis håller vi en neutral för vårt livsmedelsindex.

Prisutveckling på vete (Matif)

Handelsbankens råvaruindex

SHB Råvaruindex 16 augusti 2013

[box]SHB Råvarubrevet är producerat av Handelsbanken och publiceras i samarbete och med tillstånd på Råvarumarknaden.se[/box]

Ansvarsbegränsning

Detta material är producerat av Svenska Handelsbanken AB (publ) i fortsättningen kallad Handelsbanken. De som arbetar med innehållet är inte analytiker och materialet är inte oberoende investeringsanalys. Innehållet är uteslutande avsett för kunder i Sverige. Syftet är att ge en allmän information till Handelsbankens kunder och utgör inte ett personligt investeringsråd eller en personlig rekommendation. Informationen ska inte ensamt utgöra underlag för investeringsbeslut. Kunder bör inhämta råd från sina rådgivare och basera sina investeringsbeslut utifrån egen erfarenhet.

Informationen i materialet kan ändras och också avvika från de åsikter som uttrycks i oberoende investeringsanalyser från Handelsbanken. Informationen grundar sig på allmänt tillgänglig information och är hämtad från källor som bedöms som tillförlitliga, men riktigheten kan inte garanteras och informationen kan vara ofullständig eller nedkortad. Ingen del av förslaget får reproduceras eller distribueras till någon annan person utan att Handelsbanken dessförinnan lämnat sitt skriftliga medgivande. Handelsbanken ansvarar inte för att materialet används på ett sätt som strider mot förbudet mot vidarebefordran eller offentliggörs i strid med bankens regler.

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1 kommentar

1 kommentar

  1. Persson

    18 augusti, 2013 vid 03:02

    Kul att analyserna av elpriset börjar trilla in igen. Först Modity och nu Handelsbanken. Antar att SEB är tillbaka på måndag också.

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Analys

A recession is no match for OPEC+

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SEB - analysbrev på råvaror

History shows that OPEC cuts work wonderfully. When OPEC acts it changes the market no matter how deep the crisis. Massive 9.7 m b/d in May 2020. Large cuts in Dec 2008. And opposite: No-cuts in 2014 crashed the price. OPEC used to be slow and re-active. Now they are fast and re-active. Latest cut indicates a ”reaction-function” with a floor price of USD 70/b. Price could move lower than that in May, but JMMC meeting on 4 June and full OPEC+ meeting on 5-6 July would then change the course. Fresh cuts now in May will likely drive market into deficit, inventory draws, stronger prices. Sell-offs in May should be a good buying opportunities

Bjarne Schieldrop, Chief analyst commodities at SEB
Bjarne Schieldrop, Chief analyst commodities, SEB

Production cuts by OPEC+ do work. They work wonderfully. Deep cuts announced by OPEC in December 2008 made the oil price bottom at USD 33.8/b on Christmas Eve. That is USD 48.3/b adj. for CPI. The oil price then collapsed in 2014 when it became increasingly clear during the autumn that OPEC would NOT defend the oil price with confirmation of no-cuts in December that year.  The creation of OPEC+ in the autumn of 2016 then managed to drive the oil price higher despite booming US shale oil production. A massive 9.7 m b/d cut in production in May 2020 onward made the oil price shoot higher after the trough in April 2020. 

Historical sequence pattern is first a price-trough, then cuts, then rebound. This history however points to a typical sequence of events. First we have a trough in prices. Then we get cuts by OPEC(+) and then the oil price shoots back up. This probably creates an anticipation by the market of a likewise sequence this time. I.e. that the oil price first is going to head to USD 40/b, then deep cuts by OPEC+ and then the rebound. If we get an ugly recession.

But OPEC+ is faster and much more vigilant today. Historically OPEC met every half year. Assessed the situation and made cuts or no cuts in a very reactive fashion. That always gave the market a long lead-time both in terms of a financial sell-off and a potential physical deterioration before OPEC would react.

But markets are faster today as well with new information spreading to the world almost immediately. Impact of that is both financial and physical. The financial sell-off part is easy to understand. The physical part can be a bit more intricate. Fear itself of a recession can lead to a de-stocking of the oil supply chain where everyone suddenly starts to draw down their local inventories of crude and products with no wish to buy new supplies as demand and prices may be lower down the road. This can then lead to a rapid build-up of crude stocks in the hubs and create a sense of very weak physical demand for oil even if it is still steady.

Deep trough in prices is possible but would not last long. Faster markets and faster OPEC+ action means we could still have a deep trough in prices but they would not last very long. Oil inventories previously had time to build up significantly when OPEC acted slowly. When OPEC then finally made the cuts it would take some time to reverse the inventory build-up. So prices would stay lower for longer. Rapid action by OPEC+ today means that inventories won’t have time to build up to the same degree if everything goes wrong with the economy. Thus leading to much briefer sell-offs and sharper and faster re-bounds.

OPEC+ hasn’t really even started cutting yet. Yes, we have had some cuts announced with 1.5 m b/d reduction starting now in May. But this is only bringing Saudi Arabia’s oil production back to roughly its normal level around 10 m b/d following unusually high production of 11 m b/d in Sep 2022. So OPEC+ has lots of ”dry powder” for further cuts if needed.

OPEC reaction function: ”USD 70/b is the floor”. The most recent announced production cut gave a lot of information. It was announced on 2nd of April and super-fast following the 20th of March when Dated Brent traded to an intraday low of USD 69.27/b.

JMMC on 4 June and OPEC+ meeting on 5-6 July. Will cut if needed. OPEC+ will now spend the month of May to assess the effects of the newest cuts. The Joint Ministerial Monitoring Committee (JMMC) will then meet on 4 June and make a recommendation to the group. If it becomes clear at that time that further cuts are needed then we’ll likely get verbal intervention during June in the run-up to 5-6 July and then fresh cuts if needed.

Oil man Biden wants a price floor of USD 70/b as well. The US wants to rebuild its Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR) which now has been drawn down to about 50%. It stated in late 2022 that it wanted to buy if the oil price fell down to USD 67 – 72/b. Reason for this price level is of course that if it falls below that then US shale oil production would/could start to decline with deteriorating energy security for the US. Latest signals from the US administration is that the rebuilding of the SPR could start in Q3-23.

A note on shale oil activity vs. oil price. The US oil rig count has been falling since early December 2022 and has been doing so during a period when the Dated Brent price has been trading around USD 80/b.

IMF estimated social cost-break-even oil price for the different Middle East countries. As long as US shale oil production is not booming there should be lots of support within OPEC+ to cut production in order to maintain the oil price above USD 70/b. Thus the ”OPEC+ reaction-function” of a USD 70/b floor price. But USD 80/b would even satisfy Saudi Arabia.

IMF estimated social cost-break-even oil price for the different Middle East countries
Source: SEB graph, Bloomberg, IMF

US implied demand and products delivered is holding up nicely YoY and on par with 2019. So far at least. Seen from an aggregated level.

US implied demand and products delivered
Source: SEB graph and calculations, Blberg, US DOE

Total US crude and product stocks including SPR. Ticking lower. Could fall faster from May onward due to fresh cuts by OPEC+ of 1.5 m b/d

Total US crude and product stocks including SPR.
Source: SEB graph and calculations, Bloomberg, DOE

An oil price of USD 95/b in 2023 would place cost of oil to the global economy at 3.3% of Global GDP which is equal to the 2000 – 2019 average.

Oil cost as share of global economy
Source: SEB calculations and graph, Statista, BP
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Analys

Mixed signals on demand but world will need more oil from OPEC but the group is cutting

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SEB - analysbrev på råvaror

A world where OPEC(+) is in charge is a very different world than we are used to during the ultra-bearish 2015-19 period where US shale AND offshore non-OPEC production both were booming. Brent averaged USD 58/b nominal and USD 70/b in real terms that period. The Brent 5yr contract is trading at USD 66/b nominal or USD 58.6/b in real-terms assuming no market power to OPEC+ in 2028. Could be, but we don’t think so as US Permian shale is projected by major players to peak next 5yrs. When OPEC(+) is in charge the group will cut according to needs. For Saudi that is around USD 85/b but maybe as high as USD 97/b if budget costs rise with inflation

Bjarne Schieldrop, Chief analyst commodities at SEB
Bjarne Schieldrop, Chief analyst commodities, SEB

No major revisions to outlook by the IEA last week in its monthly Oil Market Report.

Total demand to rise 2 m b/d, 90% of demand growth from non-OECD and 57% from Jet fuel. Total demand to rise by 2 m b/d YoY to 101.9 m b/d where 90% of the gain is non-OECD. Jet fuel demand to account for 57% of demand growth as global aviation continues to normalize post Covid-19. Demand for 2022 revised down by 0.1 m b/d and as a result so was the 2023 outlook (to 101.9 m b/d). Non-OPEC supply for 2023 was revised up by 0.1 m b/d. Call-on-OPEC 2023 was reduced by 0.2 m b/d as a result to 29.5 m b/d. Call-on-OPEC was 28.8 m b/d in Q4-22. The group produced 28.94 m b/d in Mar (Argus).

World will need more oil from OPEC. Call-on-OPEC to rise 1.6 m b/d from Q4-22 to Q4-23. IEA is forecasting a call-on-OPEC in Q4-23 of 30.4 m b/d. The world will thus need 1.6 m b/d more oil from OPEC YoY in Q4-23 and 0.46 m b/d more than it produced in March. Counter to this though the OPEC group decided to cut production by 1 m b/d from May to the end of the year. So from May onward the group will produce around 28 m b/d while call-on-OPEC will be 29.1 m b/d, 30.3 m b/d and 30.4 m b/d in Q2,3,4-23.

If the IEA is right about demand then the coming OPEC cuts  should drive inventories significantly lower and oil prices higher.

But the market doesn’t quite seem to buy into this outlook. If it had then prices would have moved higher. Prices bumped up to USD 87.49/b intraday on 12 April but have since fallen back and Brent is falling back half a percent today to USD 85.9/b.

Market is concerned for declining OECD manufacturing PMI’s. It is of course the darkening clouds on the macro-sky which is making investors concerned about the outlook for oil products demand and thus crude oil demand. Cross-currents in global oil product demand is making the situation difficult to assess. On the one hand there are significant weakening signals in global diesel demand along with falling manufacturing PMIs. The stuff which makes the industrial world go round. Manufacturing, trucking, mining and heavy duty vehicles all need diesel. (Great Blbrg story on diesel here.) Historically recessions implies a cyclical trough in manufacturing activity, softer diesel demand and falling oil prices. So oil investors are naturally cautious about buying into the bull-story based on OPEC cuts alone.

Cross-currents is making demand growth hard to assess. But the circumstances are much more confusing this time around than in normal recession cycles because: 1) Global Jet fuel demand is reviving/recovering post Covid-19 and along with China’s recent reopening. IEA’s assessment is that 57% of global demand growth this year will be from Jet fuel. And 2) Manufacturing PMIs in China and India are rising while OECD PMIs are falling.

These cross-currents in the demand picture is what makes the current oil market so difficult to assess for everyone and why oil prices are not rallying directly to + USD 100/b. Investors are cautious. Though net-long specs have rallied 137 m b to 509 m b since the recent OPEC cuts were announced.

The world will need more oil from OPEC in 2023 but OPEC is cutting. The IEA is projecting that non-OPEC+ supply will grow by 1.9 m b/d YoY and OPEC+ will decline by 0.8 m b/d and in total that global supply will rise 1.2 m b/d in 2023. In comparison  global demand will rise by 2.0 m b/d. At the outset this is a very bullish outlook but the global macro-backdrop could of course deteriorate further thus eroding the current projected demand growth of 2 m b/d. But OPEC can cut more if needed since latest cuts have only brought Saudi Arabia’s production down to its normal level.

OPEC has good reasons to cut production if it can. IEA expects global oil demand to rise 2 m b/d YoY in 2023 and that call-on-OPEC will lift 1.6 m b/d from Q4-22 to Q4-23. I.e. the world needs more oil from OPEC in 2023. But OPEC will likely produce closer to 28 m b/d from May to Dec following latest announced production cuts

Source: SEB graph, IEA, Argus

Market has tightened with stronger backwardation and investors have increased their long positions

Source: SEB calculations and graphs. Blbrg data

Net long specs in Brent + WTI has bounced since OPEC announcement on coming cuts.

Source: SEB calculations and graph, Blbrg data

Saudi Arabia’s fiscal cost-break-even was USD 85/b in 2021 projected the IMF earlier. Don’t know when it was projected, but looks like it was before 2020 and thus before the strong rise in inflation. If we add 15% US inflation to the 2021 number we get USD 97/b. Inflation should lift budget costs in Saudi Arabia as it is largely a USD based economy. Though Saudi Arabia’s inflation since Q4-19 is reported as 8% to data while Saudi cost-of-living-index is up by 11%. Good reason for Saudi Arabia to cut if it can cut without loosing market share to US shale.

Source: SEB graph, IMF data

Adjusting for inflation both on a backward and forward basis. The 5yr Brent price is today at USD 66.3/b but if we adjust for US 5yr inflation it is USD 58.6/b in real terms. That is basically equal to the average Brent spot price from 2015-2019 which was very bearish with booming shale and booming offshore non-OPEC. Market is basically currently pricing that Brent oil market in 5yrs time will be just as bearish as the ultra-bearish period from 2015-2019. It won’t take a lot to beat that when it comes to actual delivery in 2028.

Source: SEB calculations and graph, Blbrg data

Nominal Brent oil prices and 5yr Brent adj. for 5yr forward inflation expectations only

Source: SEB claculations and graph, Blbrg data

ARA Diesel cracks to Brent were exceptionally low in 2020/21 and exceptionally high in 2022. Now they are normalizing. Large additions to refining capacity through 2023 will increase competition in refining and reduce margins. Cuts by OPEC+ will at the same time make crude oil expensive. But diesel cracks are still significantly higher than normal. So more downside before back to normal is achieved.

Source: SEB graph and calculations. Blbrg data
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Analys

How renewable fuels are accelerating the decarbonisation of transport

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WisdomTree

On 16 November 2022, UK’s Royal Air Force (RAF) Voyager aircraft, the military variant of the Airbus A330, took to the skies for 90 minutes over Oxfordshire. What looked like a routine test flight in its outward appearance was ultimately deemed ground-breaking. Why? It was a world-first military transporter aircraft flight, and the first of any aircraft type in the UK to be completed using 100% sustainable jet fuel.  

Mobeen Tahir, Director, Macroeconomic Research & Tactical Solutions, WisdomTree
Mobeen Tahir, Director, Macroeconomic Research & Tactical Solutions, WisdomTree

What are renewable fuels?

Renewable hydrocarbon biofuels (also called green or drop-in biofuels) are fuels produced from biomass sources through a variety of biological, thermal, and chemical processes. These products are chemically identical to petroleum gasoline, diesel, or jet fuel.

In other words, renewable fuels are sources of energy chemically identical to fossil fuels but produced from domestic, commercial, or agricultural waste (see Figure 1 below).

Figure 1: Converting waste into energy

Waste types and refinery output

Why the excitement?

Renewable fuels, like renewable diesel and sustainable jet fuel, can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by around 80-90% compared to fossil fuels. And because they burn much cleaner, engine filters remain cleaner for longer reducing the need for maintenance. Furthermore, given used cooking oil, vegetable oil, processing waste, and animal fat waste are used as inputs, the production of these fuels reduces biowaste, thereby cutting emissions from landfills.

This makes renewable fuels a key component of the circular economy. Humans have largely operated on the linear model historically when it comes to utilising natural resources. The circular model, in contrast, is much less wasteful and seeks to recycle as much as possible (see Figure 2 below).

Figure 2: The Circular Economy

Circular economy
Source: WisdomTree, Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2023

The most exciting thing about renewable fuels is the immediacy with which they can make an impact. The reason why they are referred to as drop-in fuels is that they can replace fossil fuels in internal combustion engines with little or no modification required. So, if supply was abundant enough, forms of transport which cannot be electrified easily like heavy duty trucks, ships, and aeroplanes can be switched across to renewable fuels making a significant improvement to the environmental footprint. According to BP, “A return flight between London and San Francisco has a carbon footprint per economy ticket of nearly 1 tonne of CO2 equivalent. With the aviation industry expected to double to over 8 billion passengers by 2050, it is essential that we act to reduce aviation’s carbon emissions.”

The challenge

Renewable fuels or biofuels are still in their infancy. This means the obvious hurdle to overcome is cost competitiveness with fossil fuels. Cost estimates vary, but figures from the International Air Transport Association (IATA) provide a useful sense for the ballpark. In May 2022, IATA stated that the average worldwide price of jet fuel is about $4.15 per gallon compared to the US average price of a gallon of sustainable aviation fuel, which is about $8.67.

So, roughly double the price of the incumbent polluting technology. This is not a bad starting point at all. Considering how rapidly the cost of energy storage in batteries has fallen in the last decade, renewable fuels could become competitive quite soon if sufficient investment is made and economies of scale are achieved. IATA also predicts that renewable fuels could make up 2% of all aviation fuels by 2025, which could become a tipping point in their competitiveness.

Businesses are acting

Businesses pursuing their own net zero targets have already started exploring renewable fuels to minimise their waste. Darling Ingredients Inc, which produces its trademark Diamond Green Diesel from recycled animal fats, inedible corn oil, and used cooking oil, was chosen by fast food chain Chick-fil-A in March 2022 to turn its used cooking oil into clean transportation fuel.

Similarly, McDonald’s entered into a partnership with Neste Corporation in 2020 to convert its used vegetable oil into renewable diesel and fuel the trucks that make deliveries to its restaurants. According to TortoiseEcofin, both Darling Ingredients and Neste have a net negative carbon footprint given emissions produced by these businesses are lower that the emissions avoided because of their renewable fuels.

A final word

Renewable fuels alone will not tackle climate change. No single solution can. But they can help us make meaningful progress. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emphasises how crucial it is for the world to halve its greenhouse gas emissions this decade to at least have a chance of limiting global warming to 1.5oC. This means that solutions with an immediate effect have an important role to play. Biofuels can cut emissions from waste in landfills and provide much cleaner alternatives to fossil fuels to help accelerate the world’s decarbonisation efforts. They don’t require different engines to be of use. They just need funding to reach scale.

Mobeen Tahir, Director, Macroeconomic Research & Tactical Solutions, WisdomTree

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