Analys
SHB Råvarubrevet 25 oktober 2013

Råvaror allmänt
Nu märks USA-effekten
Senaste veckan har bjudit på tillfälligt dystrare ekonomiska utsikter efter den finanspolitiska turbulensen i USA. Nedstängningen av den federala staten slår automatiskt på BNP-tillväxten under det fjärde kvartalet. Intressant är vilka effekter den förhöjda osäkerheten i USA (skuldtaksfrågan är ju bara framskjuten till början av nästa år) kommer att få på investerings- och konsumtionsbeslut, även om denna osäkerhet har minskat något sedan en överenskommelse kom på plats. Offentliganställda har flera viktiga deadlines att beakta – stundar ännu en nedstängning i januari? Marknadens förväntningar på en nedskalning av Federal Reserves obligationsköparprogram, QE3, har också förändrats tydligt den senaste månaden. Från att en nästan enhällig ekonomkår trodde på en nedskalning i september är konsensus nu snarare mars 2014. Bland råvarorna har det främst prisats in i guld som handlas på 4 veckors högsta.
Vårt tema där Kina ska stå för höstens positiva makroöverraskning håller i sig. Flashen för inköpschefsindex kom in under veckan på 50,9, upp från 50,2 i september och den högsta nivån på 7 månader. Basmetallerna är dock fortsatt ”rangehandlade”, klämda mellan starkare utsikter för efterfrågan från Kina och ett produktionsöverskott i marknaden.
Brentpriset ser denna vecka ut att gå mot det största raset på 4 månader. Orsakerna till prisuppgången i augusti verkar nu omvänt. Lagernivåerna i USA steg under veckan oväntat mycket – i somras föll de oväntat mycket. Den politiska turbulensen i Mellanöstern har också hamnat utanför kameralinsen senaste veckorna vilket prisar ur mer av riskpremien. När elpriset dessutom har haft två svaga veckor efter väderomslag med stor nederbörd och blötare prognoser så har vårt energiindex tappat sin starka trend uppåt. Vi tror dock på en come back, främst för el i närtid.
Basmetaller
Lagerproblematik pressar upp fysisk premie
Basmetallerna har stärkts över lag under veckan, dels på grund av positiv PMI-flash från Kina, och vi tror på en fortsatt stark höst. LME Index har stabiliserats efter sommarens bottennoteringar och vi räknar med att den positiva trenden fortsätter utan några dramatiska rörelser. Överskottet bör ha diskonterats för och läget på metaller kanske bäst illustreras genom bilden nedan där Nickel och Aluminium är de två metaller som handlas på störst rabatt sett i förhållande till marginalkostnad.
Ser vi till Aluminium och Zink förstärks balansen ytterligare av de lager som förväntas nå marknaden i samband med LME´s eventuella reglering för att få bukt på flaskhalsarna, dvs köerna som drivit upp fysiska premierna 100-200 procent över 10-års snittet samtidigt som börskurserna ligger kvar kring 10-års snittet. På Aluminium innebär det sannolikt att vi börjar röra oss tillbaka mot normalnivån om ca 100 dollar (från de 250-300 dollar vi sett) så vi förväntar oss att LME inom kort ger besked kring dessa regleringar som i stora drag skall se till att lika mycket metall går ut som kommer in, med implementeringstart från april nästa år.
Vi tror att Kinas tillväxt kommer överraska positivt under Q4 och Q1, vilket kommer stärka metallerna. Vi tror på: LONG BASMETALLER
Ädelmetaller
Återigen oro för strejk i Sydafrika
Guldet handlas upp 1.5 procent med visst stöd från ETF-flöden och en försvagad dollar där EURUSD för första gången på två år passerade 1.38. Platina stiger med ungefär lika mycket och ökat fokus på den förnyade strejkoron i Sydafrika. AMCU-facket misslyckades i sina löneförhandlingar gentemot Anglo American (världens största Platinaproducent) och det radikala facket är sedan tidigare i konflikt med Impala Platinum (världens näst största Platinaproducent), där alla försök till medling misslyckats. AMCU skall i början av nästa vecka besluta om man skall gå ut i strejk vid Impala. Kortsiktigt stöd om man ser till dollarutvecklingen och oron kring Sydafrika men vi räknar med att guldet sedan faller tillbaka i den mer långsiktigt negativa trend där vi befinner oss.
Efter en uppgång under sommaren tror vi åter att guldets väg lutar utför. Vi tror på: SHRT GULD H
Energi
Höga lager pressar oljan
Oljepriset har fallit under veckan till följd av stigande lager (högsta nivå sedan juni) och handlas nu på 106,6 USD/fat. Oro för kortsiktigt överskott av amerikansk råolja har fått spreaden mellan WTI och Brent-olja att gå isär, som mest under veckan på dryga 11 dollar, vilket är störst sedan april. Kombinationen av växande nordamerikanska produktionen, nya rörledningar till den amerikanska gulfkusten och storskaliga revisionsstopp på raffinaderier är anledningen till att WTI-oljan handlas så mycket lägre än Brent.
Elmarknaden (Q1-14) backar med närmare 5 procent under veckan efter att vädret slagit om och lågtrycket drivit stora nederbördsfronter rakt in mot framförallt Norge. Som mest uppmättes hela 3.5 TWh nederbördsenergi i Norge och Sverige under tisdagen och detta är enligt statistik den mest nederbördsrika dag mätt till energimängd på hela 10 år! Även den höga temperaturen har överraskat och i södra Sverige noterades 19 grader vilket är den högsta temperaturen på över 125 år! Ser vi till energibalansen bör den såldes förbättras till 15.6 TWh i underskott med prognoserna. Kolet får stöd av en svagare dollar, fraktrater samt marginalkostnad för produktion vilken inte motiverar full produktion på dessa låga nivåer. Utsläppsrätterna som bröt igenom 5 EUR-nivån har nu återhämtat sig vilket resulterar i att brytpriset för kol nu stigit med 3 euro. När de värsta lågtrycksbetonade vädret dragit förbi ser vi åter elen som köpvärd inför vintern.
Energiunderskott tillsammans med osäkerhet kring kärnkraftsverken inför vintern talar för högre elpris. Vi tror på: LONG EL
Livsmedel
Vetet är fortsatt starkt
Prisuppgången på vete den senaste tiden (6,9 % under oktober) är driven av problemen i Ryssland och Argentina, med stöd av producenternas ovilja att sälja i en stigande marknad. Det ser ut att ha blivit något torrare i Ryssland men den sådd som görs nu görs sent och under blöta förhållanden. Omkring 5 procent av vårveteskörden återstår i Ryssland, den del av detta som blir skördat håller låg kvalitet. Utan nya problem inom kort blir vi inte förvånade om vi ser ytterligare korrigering nedåt den närmsta tiden. Det finns trots allt gott om spannmål att tillgå i världen och ännu mer på ingång.
Skörden på sojabönor i USA går framåt, till helgen beräknas omkring 85 procent av skörden vara avklarad. Inkommande skörderapporter talar för en avkastning på åtminstone 42 bushels per acre. Sojasådden i Brasilien går framåt i rask i bra takt under bra förhållanden, vilket stärker tron om en kommande rekordskörd. Det tillsammans med höga förväntningar på en stor amerikansk sojaareal till våren talar för lägre priser på soja på några månaders sikt.
Med anledning av ett ökat intresse kring kaffe har vi i skrivit lite mer ingående om denna lyxiga råvara. Läs Kaffe Special Edition.
Handelsbankens Råvaruindex

Handelsbankens råvaruindex består av de underliggande indexen för respektive råvara. Vikterna är bestämda till hälften från värdet av nordisk produktion (globala produktionen för sektorindex) och till hälften från likviditeten i terminskontrakten.
[box]SHB Råvarubrevet är producerat av Handelsbanken och publiceras i samarbete och med tillstånd på Råvarumarknaden.se[/box]
Ansvarsbegränsning
Detta material är producerat av Svenska Handelsbanken AB (publ) i fortsättningen kallad Handelsbanken. De som arbetar med innehållet är inte analytiker och materialet är inte oberoende investeringsanalys. Innehållet är uteslutande avsett för kunder i Sverige. Syftet är att ge en allmän information till Handelsbankens kunder och utgör inte ett personligt investeringsråd eller en personlig rekommendation. Informationen ska inte ensamt utgöra underlag för investeringsbeslut. Kunder bör inhämta råd från sina rådgivare och basera sina investeringsbeslut utifrån egen erfarenhet.
Informationen i materialet kan ändras och också avvika från de åsikter som uttrycks i oberoende investeringsanalyser från Handelsbanken. Informationen grundar sig på allmänt tillgänglig information och är hämtad från källor som bedöms som tillförlitliga, men riktigheten kan inte garanteras och informationen kan vara ofullständig eller nedkortad. Ingen del av förslaget får reproduceras eller distribueras till någon annan person utan att Handelsbanken dessförinnan lämnat sitt skriftliga medgivande. Handelsbanken ansvarar inte för att materialet används på ett sätt som strider mot förbudet mot vidarebefordran eller offentliggörs i strid med bankens regler.
Analys
A recession is no match for OPEC+

History shows that OPEC cuts work wonderfully. When OPEC acts it changes the market no matter how deep the crisis. Massive 9.7 m b/d in May 2020. Large cuts in Dec 2008. And opposite: No-cuts in 2014 crashed the price. OPEC used to be slow and re-active. Now they are fast and re-active. Latest cut indicates a ”reaction-function” with a floor price of USD 70/b. Price could move lower than that in May, but JMMC meeting on 4 June and full OPEC+ meeting on 5-6 July would then change the course. Fresh cuts now in May will likely drive market into deficit, inventory draws, stronger prices. Sell-offs in May should be a good buying opportunities

Production cuts by OPEC+ do work. They work wonderfully. Deep cuts announced by OPEC in December 2008 made the oil price bottom at USD 33.8/b on Christmas Eve. That is USD 48.3/b adj. for CPI. The oil price then collapsed in 2014 when it became increasingly clear during the autumn that OPEC would NOT defend the oil price with confirmation of no-cuts in December that year. The creation of OPEC+ in the autumn of 2016 then managed to drive the oil price higher despite booming US shale oil production. A massive 9.7 m b/d cut in production in May 2020 onward made the oil price shoot higher after the trough in April 2020.
Historical sequence pattern is first a price-trough, then cuts, then rebound. This history however points to a typical sequence of events. First we have a trough in prices. Then we get cuts by OPEC(+) and then the oil price shoots back up. This probably creates an anticipation by the market of a likewise sequence this time. I.e. that the oil price first is going to head to USD 40/b, then deep cuts by OPEC+ and then the rebound. If we get an ugly recession.
But OPEC+ is faster and much more vigilant today. Historically OPEC met every half year. Assessed the situation and made cuts or no cuts in a very reactive fashion. That always gave the market a long lead-time both in terms of a financial sell-off and a potential physical deterioration before OPEC would react.
But markets are faster today as well with new information spreading to the world almost immediately. Impact of that is both financial and physical. The financial sell-off part is easy to understand. The physical part can be a bit more intricate. Fear itself of a recession can lead to a de-stocking of the oil supply chain where everyone suddenly starts to draw down their local inventories of crude and products with no wish to buy new supplies as demand and prices may be lower down the road. This can then lead to a rapid build-up of crude stocks in the hubs and create a sense of very weak physical demand for oil even if it is still steady.
Deep trough in prices is possible but would not last long. Faster markets and faster OPEC+ action means we could still have a deep trough in prices but they would not last very long. Oil inventories previously had time to build up significantly when OPEC acted slowly. When OPEC then finally made the cuts it would take some time to reverse the inventory build-up. So prices would stay lower for longer. Rapid action by OPEC+ today means that inventories won’t have time to build up to the same degree if everything goes wrong with the economy. Thus leading to much briefer sell-offs and sharper and faster re-bounds.
OPEC+ hasn’t really even started cutting yet. Yes, we have had some cuts announced with 1.5 m b/d reduction starting now in May. But this is only bringing Saudi Arabia’s oil production back to roughly its normal level around 10 m b/d following unusually high production of 11 m b/d in Sep 2022. So OPEC+ has lots of ”dry powder” for further cuts if needed.
OPEC reaction function: ”USD 70/b is the floor”. The most recent announced production cut gave a lot of information. It was announced on 2nd of April and super-fast following the 20th of March when Dated Brent traded to an intraday low of USD 69.27/b.
JMMC on 4 June and OPEC+ meeting on 5-6 July. Will cut if needed. OPEC+ will now spend the month of May to assess the effects of the newest cuts. The Joint Ministerial Monitoring Committee (JMMC) will then meet on 4 June and make a recommendation to the group. If it becomes clear at that time that further cuts are needed then we’ll likely get verbal intervention during June in the run-up to 5-6 July and then fresh cuts if needed.
Oil man Biden wants a price floor of USD 70/b as well. The US wants to rebuild its Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR) which now has been drawn down to about 50%. It stated in late 2022 that it wanted to buy if the oil price fell down to USD 67 – 72/b. Reason for this price level is of course that if it falls below that then US shale oil production would/could start to decline with deteriorating energy security for the US. Latest signals from the US administration is that the rebuilding of the SPR could start in Q3-23.
A note on shale oil activity vs. oil price. The US oil rig count has been falling since early December 2022 and has been doing so during a period when the Dated Brent price has been trading around USD 80/b.
IMF estimated social cost-break-even oil price for the different Middle East countries. As long as US shale oil production is not booming there should be lots of support within OPEC+ to cut production in order to maintain the oil price above USD 70/b. Thus the ”OPEC+ reaction-function” of a USD 70/b floor price. But USD 80/b would even satisfy Saudi Arabia.

US implied demand and products delivered is holding up nicely YoY and on par with 2019. So far at least. Seen from an aggregated level.

Total US crude and product stocks including SPR. Ticking lower. Could fall faster from May onward due to fresh cuts by OPEC+ of 1.5 m b/d

An oil price of USD 95/b in 2023 would place cost of oil to the global economy at 3.3% of Global GDP which is equal to the 2000 – 2019 average.

Analys
Mixed signals on demand but world will need more oil from OPEC but the group is cutting

A world where OPEC(+) is in charge is a very different world than we are used to during the ultra-bearish 2015-19 period where US shale AND offshore non-OPEC production both were booming. Brent averaged USD 58/b nominal and USD 70/b in real terms that period. The Brent 5yr contract is trading at USD 66/b nominal or USD 58.6/b in real-terms assuming no market power to OPEC+ in 2028. Could be, but we don’t think so as US Permian shale is projected by major players to peak next 5yrs. When OPEC(+) is in charge the group will cut according to needs. For Saudi that is around USD 85/b but maybe as high as USD 97/b if budget costs rise with inflation

No major revisions to outlook by the IEA last week in its monthly Oil Market Report.
Total demand to rise 2 m b/d, 90% of demand growth from non-OECD and 57% from Jet fuel. Total demand to rise by 2 m b/d YoY to 101.9 m b/d where 90% of the gain is non-OECD. Jet fuel demand to account for 57% of demand growth as global aviation continues to normalize post Covid-19. Demand for 2022 revised down by 0.1 m b/d and as a result so was the 2023 outlook (to 101.9 m b/d). Non-OPEC supply for 2023 was revised up by 0.1 m b/d. Call-on-OPEC 2023 was reduced by 0.2 m b/d as a result to 29.5 m b/d. Call-on-OPEC was 28.8 m b/d in Q4-22. The group produced 28.94 m b/d in Mar (Argus).
World will need more oil from OPEC. Call-on-OPEC to rise 1.6 m b/d from Q4-22 to Q4-23. IEA is forecasting a call-on-OPEC in Q4-23 of 30.4 m b/d. The world will thus need 1.6 m b/d more oil from OPEC YoY in Q4-23 and 0.46 m b/d more than it produced in March. Counter to this though the OPEC group decided to cut production by 1 m b/d from May to the end of the year. So from May onward the group will produce around 28 m b/d while call-on-OPEC will be 29.1 m b/d, 30.3 m b/d and 30.4 m b/d in Q2,3,4-23.
If the IEA is right about demand then the coming OPEC cuts should drive inventories significantly lower and oil prices higher.
But the market doesn’t quite seem to buy into this outlook. If it had then prices would have moved higher. Prices bumped up to USD 87.49/b intraday on 12 April but have since fallen back and Brent is falling back half a percent today to USD 85.9/b.
Market is concerned for declining OECD manufacturing PMI’s. It is of course the darkening clouds on the macro-sky which is making investors concerned about the outlook for oil products demand and thus crude oil demand. Cross-currents in global oil product demand is making the situation difficult to assess. On the one hand there are significant weakening signals in global diesel demand along with falling manufacturing PMIs. The stuff which makes the industrial world go round. Manufacturing, trucking, mining and heavy duty vehicles all need diesel. (Great Blbrg story on diesel here.) Historically recessions implies a cyclical trough in manufacturing activity, softer diesel demand and falling oil prices. So oil investors are naturally cautious about buying into the bull-story based on OPEC cuts alone.
Cross-currents is making demand growth hard to assess. But the circumstances are much more confusing this time around than in normal recession cycles because: 1) Global Jet fuel demand is reviving/recovering post Covid-19 and along with China’s recent reopening. IEA’s assessment is that 57% of global demand growth this year will be from Jet fuel. And 2) Manufacturing PMIs in China and India are rising while OECD PMIs are falling.
These cross-currents in the demand picture is what makes the current oil market so difficult to assess for everyone and why oil prices are not rallying directly to + USD 100/b. Investors are cautious. Though net-long specs have rallied 137 m b to 509 m b since the recent OPEC cuts were announced.
The world will need more oil from OPEC in 2023 but OPEC is cutting. The IEA is projecting that non-OPEC+ supply will grow by 1.9 m b/d YoY and OPEC+ will decline by 0.8 m b/d and in total that global supply will rise 1.2 m b/d in 2023. In comparison global demand will rise by 2.0 m b/d. At the outset this is a very bullish outlook but the global macro-backdrop could of course deteriorate further thus eroding the current projected demand growth of 2 m b/d. But OPEC can cut more if needed since latest cuts have only brought Saudi Arabia’s production down to its normal level.
OPEC has good reasons to cut production if it can. IEA expects global oil demand to rise 2 m b/d YoY in 2023 and that call-on-OPEC will lift 1.6 m b/d from Q4-22 to Q4-23. I.e. the world needs more oil from OPEC in 2023. But OPEC will likely produce closer to 28 m b/d from May to Dec following latest announced production cuts

Market has tightened with stronger backwardation and investors have increased their long positions

Net long specs in Brent + WTI has bounced since OPEC announcement on coming cuts.

Saudi Arabia’s fiscal cost-break-even was USD 85/b in 2021 projected the IMF earlier. Don’t know when it was projected, but looks like it was before 2020 and thus before the strong rise in inflation. If we add 15% US inflation to the 2021 number we get USD 97/b. Inflation should lift budget costs in Saudi Arabia as it is largely a USD based economy. Though Saudi Arabia’s inflation since Q4-19 is reported as 8% to data while Saudi cost-of-living-index is up by 11%. Good reason for Saudi Arabia to cut if it can cut without loosing market share to US shale.

Adjusting for inflation both on a backward and forward basis. The 5yr Brent price is today at USD 66.3/b but if we adjust for US 5yr inflation it is USD 58.6/b in real terms. That is basically equal to the average Brent spot price from 2015-2019 which was very bearish with booming shale and booming offshore non-OPEC. Market is basically currently pricing that Brent oil market in 5yrs time will be just as bearish as the ultra-bearish period from 2015-2019. It won’t take a lot to beat that when it comes to actual delivery in 2028.

Nominal Brent oil prices and 5yr Brent adj. for 5yr forward inflation expectations only

ARA Diesel cracks to Brent were exceptionally low in 2020/21 and exceptionally high in 2022. Now they are normalizing. Large additions to refining capacity through 2023 will increase competition in refining and reduce margins. Cuts by OPEC+ will at the same time make crude oil expensive. But diesel cracks are still significantly higher than normal. So more downside before back to normal is achieved.

Analys
How renewable fuels are accelerating the decarbonisation of transport

On 16 November 2022, UK’s Royal Air Force (RAF) Voyager aircraft, the military variant of the Airbus A330, took to the skies for 90 minutes over Oxfordshire. What looked like a routine test flight in its outward appearance was ultimately deemed ground-breaking. Why? It was a world-first military transporter aircraft flight, and the first of any aircraft type in the UK to be completed using 100% sustainable jet fuel.

What are renewable fuels?
Renewable hydrocarbon biofuels (also called green or drop-in biofuels) are fuels produced from biomass sources through a variety of biological, thermal, and chemical processes. These products are chemically identical to petroleum gasoline, diesel, or jet fuel.
In other words, renewable fuels are sources of energy chemically identical to fossil fuels but produced from domestic, commercial, or agricultural waste (see Figure 1 below).
Figure 1: Converting waste into energy

Why the excitement?
Renewable fuels, like renewable diesel and sustainable jet fuel, can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by around 80-90% compared to fossil fuels. And because they burn much cleaner, engine filters remain cleaner for longer reducing the need for maintenance. Furthermore, given used cooking oil, vegetable oil, processing waste, and animal fat waste are used as inputs, the production of these fuels reduces biowaste, thereby cutting emissions from landfills.
This makes renewable fuels a key component of the circular economy. Humans have largely operated on the linear model historically when it comes to utilising natural resources. The circular model, in contrast, is much less wasteful and seeks to recycle as much as possible (see Figure 2 below).
Figure 2: The Circular Economy

The most exciting thing about renewable fuels is the immediacy with which they can make an impact. The reason why they are referred to as drop-in fuels is that they can replace fossil fuels in internal combustion engines with little or no modification required. So, if supply was abundant enough, forms of transport which cannot be electrified easily like heavy duty trucks, ships, and aeroplanes can be switched across to renewable fuels making a significant improvement to the environmental footprint. According to BP, “A return flight between London and San Francisco has a carbon footprint per economy ticket of nearly 1 tonne of CO2 equivalent. With the aviation industry expected to double to over 8 billion passengers by 2050, it is essential that we act to reduce aviation’s carbon emissions.”
The challenge
Renewable fuels or biofuels are still in their infancy. This means the obvious hurdle to overcome is cost competitiveness with fossil fuels. Cost estimates vary, but figures from the International Air Transport Association (IATA) provide a useful sense for the ballpark. In May 2022, IATA stated that the average worldwide price of jet fuel is about $4.15 per gallon compared to the US average price of a gallon of sustainable aviation fuel, which is about $8.67.
So, roughly double the price of the incumbent polluting technology. This is not a bad starting point at all. Considering how rapidly the cost of energy storage in batteries has fallen in the last decade, renewable fuels could become competitive quite soon if sufficient investment is made and economies of scale are achieved. IATA also predicts that renewable fuels could make up 2% of all aviation fuels by 2025, which could become a tipping point in their competitiveness.
Businesses are acting
Businesses pursuing their own net zero targets have already started exploring renewable fuels to minimise their waste. Darling Ingredients Inc, which produces its trademark Diamond Green Diesel from recycled animal fats, inedible corn oil, and used cooking oil, was chosen by fast food chain Chick-fil-A in March 2022 to turn its used cooking oil into clean transportation fuel.
Similarly, McDonald’s entered into a partnership with Neste Corporation in 2020 to convert its used vegetable oil into renewable diesel and fuel the trucks that make deliveries to its restaurants. According to TortoiseEcofin, both Darling Ingredients and Neste have a net negative carbon footprint given emissions produced by these businesses are lower that the emissions avoided because of their renewable fuels.
A final word
Renewable fuels alone will not tackle climate change. No single solution can. But they can help us make meaningful progress. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emphasises how crucial it is for the world to halve its greenhouse gas emissions this decade to at least have a chance of limiting global warming to 1.5oC. This means that solutions with an immediate effect have an important role to play. Biofuels can cut emissions from waste in landfills and provide much cleaner alternatives to fossil fuels to help accelerate the world’s decarbonisation efforts. They don’t require different engines to be of use. They just need funding to reach scale.
Mobeen Tahir, Director, Macroeconomic Research & Tactical Solutions, WisdomTree
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