Analys
SIP Nordic – Råvaruguiden – juni 2013

Silver – gulds vilda lillebror
Silver är med största sannolikhet en av de mest volatila av världens populära marknader. När silver rör sig, rör sig silver snabbt. Både stora vinster och förluster kan ske under loppet av några veckor, vilket kan vara spännande eller skräckinjagande beroende på vilken sida du sitter på.
Silver har haft en tuff start på året med en nedgång på drygt 25 %. Samtidigt har guld tappat runt 17 %. En skillnad på 8 procentenheter. Silver en guldprodukt med hävstång
Att silver tappat mer än guld är ingen slump. Silver omnämns inte så ofta i medier. Däremot skrivs det och analyseras det kring gulds vara och inte vara och här finns det gott om information att hämta. För att följa silvers utveckling räcker det att kolla på guld.
Silver kan beskrivas som gulds vilda lillebror som gärna gör som storebror men lite yvigare. Med andra ord brukar silver följa guldets dagliga utveckling men med större rörelser.
Om man kollar på hur den dagliga utvecklingen för guld och silver varit sedan januari 2012 styrks ovanstående teori.
Av de totalt 369 handelsdagarna rörde sig guld och silver åt samma håll i 289 dagar av dessa. Nästan 80 % av dagarna.
Kollar man sedan vidare på de dagar då guld och silver rörde sig åt samma håll överpresterade silver guld 222 dagar av dessa eller 80 % av dagarna.
Värt att notera är att de dagar som guld och silver rör sig åt samma håll rör sig silver 3,3 gånger kraftigare i snitt. Således är silver en guldprodukt med hävstång.
Egentligen är det inte så konstigt att detta fenomen finns. I vår Tradingklubb på tisdagar pratar vi ofta om att man inte ska gå emot marknadsklimatet. Med det menas att man inte ska ta en position i en aktie i motsatt riktning som OMXS30 trendar. Så gäller nog även silver och guld. Frågan är hur många stora investerare som vågar gå lång i silver samtidigt som guld går ned och vice versa.
Alexander Frick
Råvaror – Energi
Brent olja
- Berg och dalbanan fortsätter. Under maj har brent ökat med 2,2 %. För året är dock brent ned knappa 6 %.
- Oljan kämpar mot rapporter från OECD och IMF om att Kinas tillväxt ser sämre ut.
- Vidare så håller ökade lager priset nere.
- Ökad oro för åtstramningar på tillgångssidan till följd av oroligheter i mellanöstern motarbetar de negativa nyheterna.
- Utvecklingen för USD och huruvida FED kommer fortsätta med sitt QE kommer styra mycket för oljans fortsatta utveckling.
Naturgas
- Naturgas starka trend fortsätter. Trots en rekyl under maj månad är trenden fortsatt uppåt.
- Naturgas tappade ca 3.5 % under maj men är för året ändå upp nästan 30 %.
- Rekylen under maj månad kan mycket väl ha varit hälsosam och skapat en ny högre botten.
- Ökningen av lagrad naturgas är nu på mycket låga nivåer. De lägsta på fem år.
- Återigen är det vädret i USA som till stor del driver uppgången. En vinter som var kallare än normalt har nu skiftet till en varmare vår vilket gör att bränsle krävs för kylsystem.
Råvaror – Metaller
Guld
- Dödskorset (50D- korsar 200D-medelvärde uppifrån) i februari visade sig ge ordentligt med bränsle åt nedgången.
- Under maj fortsatte nedgången och guld gick ned 4,7 %. För året är guld ned 15 %.
- Viktig nivå kring $1350. Återstår att se om denna nivå skapat en dubbelbotten.
- Medierapportering om att FED skulle ge upp sitt stödköpsprogram har inte hjälpt guldkursen. FED fortsätter att pumpa in smått otroliga $85 miljarder USD och håller räntan låg.
- Riskaptiten är fortsatt hög varför mycket guld säljs av för inslussning i aktiemarknaden.
Silver
- Som jag skrev i min krönika följer silver guld slaviskt.
- För maj månad är silver ned dryga 8 % och för året är silver ned 25 %.
- Likt guld tar silver stryk av att riskaptiten fortsatt är hög och behovet av en ”säker hamn” är svalt.
- Silver har den senaste tiden testat stödet vid $22. Intressant nivå att bevaka den närmsta tiden.
Platina
- Platina fortsätter att prisa högre än guld. Under maj är priset på platina ned knappa 3 %.
- För året är platina ned knappa 4 %.
- Till skillnad från guld och silver drivs platina till största del av industriell efterfrågan. Bilindustrin (autokatalysatorer) går knackigt vilket trycker ner platina.
- Spekulanter ligger i övervikt i korta positioner vilket kan tala för en fortsatt nedgång.
Koppar
- Under maj ökade koppar med 4 %. För året är dock koppar ned dryga 8 %.
- Rapporter om sämre kinesisk tillväxt pressar priset nedåt.
- Under maj månad kan vi dock ha sett ett trendskifte.
- FED flaggar för att ekonomin återhämtar sig vilket kan hjälpa kopparn. Dessutom har två ras i stora gruvor skapat ett litet stopp i produktionsledet vilket drar ned tillgången.
Zink
- Utsikten för basmetaller har ljusnat något. Under maj är zink oförändrat vilket är bra med tanke på att zink tappat 9 %.
- Motståndet kring $1800 har visat sig hålla och likt koppar kan ett trendskifte var på gång. Rekyler värda att bevaka.
- Ytterligare fakta som talar för en vändning är att lagren av zink nu är de lägsta på tre år.
Nickel
- För nickel går det tyngre. Ett dödskors i april kan mycket väl vara starten på fortsatt nedgång.
- Nickel är för året ned drygt 14 %.
- Under maj tappade nickel nästan 3 %.
- Nickel presterade sämst av alla basmetaller under 2012. Slutsiffran blev -8 % för 2012.
- Nickelmarknaden är fortsatt mättad med ökande lager.
- Många stora projekt inom nickelproduktion är redan finansierade och irreversibla vilket kommer att öka tillgången av nickel ytterligare.
Råvaror – Jordbruk
Socker
- Sockers kräftgång fortsätter. Sedan oktober förra året är sockerpriset ned 23 %.
- För året är sockerpriset ned drygt 14 % och maj var inte bättre. Ned 5 %.
- En anledning till det fortsatta prisfallet är att nuvarande nivåer inte motiverar sockerproduktion. Andra grödor eller etanol ses som mer attraktiva.
- Socker har befunnit sig i en negativ trend i snart 2 år. Det är fortfarande långt ned till bottennivåerna där det återigen blir attraktivt för ett köp.
Bomull
- Bomullspriset utvecklades starkt under början av 2013. Nu har dock priset fallit sedan i mars och trenden börjar så smått peka nedåt.
- För året är priset på bomull upp 7,8 %.
- Sedan toppen i mars är dock bomull ned med 12 % vilket visar att säljarna återigen kopplat greppet. Även i maj har de haft kontrollen. Bomull tappade i maj 5 %.
Majs
- Sedan förra sommarens kraftiga uppgång till följd av dålig skörd har majs befunnit sig i en negativ trend.
- För året har majs tappat 4 %.
- Under maj månad tappade majs knappa 3 %.
- För många spannmål väntas goda eller mycket goda skördar vilket kan trycka ned priset ytterligare.
Vete
- För vete gäller samma sak. Sedan förra sommarens topp är trenden negativ.
- God skörd väntas även här så försiktighet gäller.
- För året är vete ned 11 %.
- Under maj är priset på vete ned något.
Apelsinjuice
- Vi har länge bevakat apelsinjuice i Tradingklubben.
- För året är apelsinjuice upp 20 %.
- I maj är priset upp 5 %.
- Floridas citrusodlare brottas just nu med det allvarligaste hotet det någonsin stått inför, en bakteriell sjukdom utan botemedel som har smittat samtliga de 31 länen i vilka det odlas apelsiner och citroner.
Kaffe
- Kaffe ligger fortfarande i en långsiktigt nedåtgående trend.
- För året är kaffe ned 13 %. I maj stannade nedgången på hela 11 %
- Likt apelsinjuice kämpar dock odlare med sjukdomar. Något som kanske kan vända trenden.
- Växtsjukdomen Roya, också känt som kafferost eller kaffebladssvamp, är en liten orangefärgad svamp som nu har nått Centralamerika.
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Ansvarsbegränsning
Detta produktblad utgör endast marknadsföring och har sammanställts av SIP Nordic Fondkommission AB.
Innehållet ger inte fullständig information avseende det finansiella instrumentet. Investerare uppmanas att del av prospekt och slutliga villkor, vilka finns tillgängliga på: www.rbsbank.se/markets, innan ett investeringsbeslut tas.
Förekommande exempel är simulerade och baseras på SIP Nordics egna beräkningar och antaganden, en person som använder andra data eller antaganden kan nå andra resultat. Administrativa avgifter och transaktionsavgifter påverkar den faktiska avkastningen.
Analys
A recession is no match for OPEC+

History shows that OPEC cuts work wonderfully. When OPEC acts it changes the market no matter how deep the crisis. Massive 9.7 m b/d in May 2020. Large cuts in Dec 2008. And opposite: No-cuts in 2014 crashed the price. OPEC used to be slow and re-active. Now they are fast and re-active. Latest cut indicates a ”reaction-function” with a floor price of USD 70/b. Price could move lower than that in May, but JMMC meeting on 4 June and full OPEC+ meeting on 5-6 July would then change the course. Fresh cuts now in May will likely drive market into deficit, inventory draws, stronger prices. Sell-offs in May should be a good buying opportunities

Production cuts by OPEC+ do work. They work wonderfully. Deep cuts announced by OPEC in December 2008 made the oil price bottom at USD 33.8/b on Christmas Eve. That is USD 48.3/b adj. for CPI. The oil price then collapsed in 2014 when it became increasingly clear during the autumn that OPEC would NOT defend the oil price with confirmation of no-cuts in December that year. The creation of OPEC+ in the autumn of 2016 then managed to drive the oil price higher despite booming US shale oil production. A massive 9.7 m b/d cut in production in May 2020 onward made the oil price shoot higher after the trough in April 2020.
Historical sequence pattern is first a price-trough, then cuts, then rebound. This history however points to a typical sequence of events. First we have a trough in prices. Then we get cuts by OPEC(+) and then the oil price shoots back up. This probably creates an anticipation by the market of a likewise sequence this time. I.e. that the oil price first is going to head to USD 40/b, then deep cuts by OPEC+ and then the rebound. If we get an ugly recession.
But OPEC+ is faster and much more vigilant today. Historically OPEC met every half year. Assessed the situation and made cuts or no cuts in a very reactive fashion. That always gave the market a long lead-time both in terms of a financial sell-off and a potential physical deterioration before OPEC would react.
But markets are faster today as well with new information spreading to the world almost immediately. Impact of that is both financial and physical. The financial sell-off part is easy to understand. The physical part can be a bit more intricate. Fear itself of a recession can lead to a de-stocking of the oil supply chain where everyone suddenly starts to draw down their local inventories of crude and products with no wish to buy new supplies as demand and prices may be lower down the road. This can then lead to a rapid build-up of crude stocks in the hubs and create a sense of very weak physical demand for oil even if it is still steady.
Deep trough in prices is possible but would not last long. Faster markets and faster OPEC+ action means we could still have a deep trough in prices but they would not last very long. Oil inventories previously had time to build up significantly when OPEC acted slowly. When OPEC then finally made the cuts it would take some time to reverse the inventory build-up. So prices would stay lower for longer. Rapid action by OPEC+ today means that inventories won’t have time to build up to the same degree if everything goes wrong with the economy. Thus leading to much briefer sell-offs and sharper and faster re-bounds.
OPEC+ hasn’t really even started cutting yet. Yes, we have had some cuts announced with 1.5 m b/d reduction starting now in May. But this is only bringing Saudi Arabia’s oil production back to roughly its normal level around 10 m b/d following unusually high production of 11 m b/d in Sep 2022. So OPEC+ has lots of ”dry powder” for further cuts if needed.
OPEC reaction function: ”USD 70/b is the floor”. The most recent announced production cut gave a lot of information. It was announced on 2nd of April and super-fast following the 20th of March when Dated Brent traded to an intraday low of USD 69.27/b.
JMMC on 4 June and OPEC+ meeting on 5-6 July. Will cut if needed. OPEC+ will now spend the month of May to assess the effects of the newest cuts. The Joint Ministerial Monitoring Committee (JMMC) will then meet on 4 June and make a recommendation to the group. If it becomes clear at that time that further cuts are needed then we’ll likely get verbal intervention during June in the run-up to 5-6 July and then fresh cuts if needed.
Oil man Biden wants a price floor of USD 70/b as well. The US wants to rebuild its Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR) which now has been drawn down to about 50%. It stated in late 2022 that it wanted to buy if the oil price fell down to USD 67 – 72/b. Reason for this price level is of course that if it falls below that then US shale oil production would/could start to decline with deteriorating energy security for the US. Latest signals from the US administration is that the rebuilding of the SPR could start in Q3-23.
A note on shale oil activity vs. oil price. The US oil rig count has been falling since early December 2022 and has been doing so during a period when the Dated Brent price has been trading around USD 80/b.
IMF estimated social cost-break-even oil price for the different Middle East countries. As long as US shale oil production is not booming there should be lots of support within OPEC+ to cut production in order to maintain the oil price above USD 70/b. Thus the ”OPEC+ reaction-function” of a USD 70/b floor price. But USD 80/b would even satisfy Saudi Arabia.

US implied demand and products delivered is holding up nicely YoY and on par with 2019. So far at least. Seen from an aggregated level.

Total US crude and product stocks including SPR. Ticking lower. Could fall faster from May onward due to fresh cuts by OPEC+ of 1.5 m b/d

An oil price of USD 95/b in 2023 would place cost of oil to the global economy at 3.3% of Global GDP which is equal to the 2000 – 2019 average.

Analys
Mixed signals on demand but world will need more oil from OPEC but the group is cutting

A world where OPEC(+) is in charge is a very different world than we are used to during the ultra-bearish 2015-19 period where US shale AND offshore non-OPEC production both were booming. Brent averaged USD 58/b nominal and USD 70/b in real terms that period. The Brent 5yr contract is trading at USD 66/b nominal or USD 58.6/b in real-terms assuming no market power to OPEC+ in 2028. Could be, but we don’t think so as US Permian shale is projected by major players to peak next 5yrs. When OPEC(+) is in charge the group will cut according to needs. For Saudi that is around USD 85/b but maybe as high as USD 97/b if budget costs rise with inflation

No major revisions to outlook by the IEA last week in its monthly Oil Market Report.
Total demand to rise 2 m b/d, 90% of demand growth from non-OECD and 57% from Jet fuel. Total demand to rise by 2 m b/d YoY to 101.9 m b/d where 90% of the gain is non-OECD. Jet fuel demand to account for 57% of demand growth as global aviation continues to normalize post Covid-19. Demand for 2022 revised down by 0.1 m b/d and as a result so was the 2023 outlook (to 101.9 m b/d). Non-OPEC supply for 2023 was revised up by 0.1 m b/d. Call-on-OPEC 2023 was reduced by 0.2 m b/d as a result to 29.5 m b/d. Call-on-OPEC was 28.8 m b/d in Q4-22. The group produced 28.94 m b/d in Mar (Argus).
World will need more oil from OPEC. Call-on-OPEC to rise 1.6 m b/d from Q4-22 to Q4-23. IEA is forecasting a call-on-OPEC in Q4-23 of 30.4 m b/d. The world will thus need 1.6 m b/d more oil from OPEC YoY in Q4-23 and 0.46 m b/d more than it produced in March. Counter to this though the OPEC group decided to cut production by 1 m b/d from May to the end of the year. So from May onward the group will produce around 28 m b/d while call-on-OPEC will be 29.1 m b/d, 30.3 m b/d and 30.4 m b/d in Q2,3,4-23.
If the IEA is right about demand then the coming OPEC cuts should drive inventories significantly lower and oil prices higher.
But the market doesn’t quite seem to buy into this outlook. If it had then prices would have moved higher. Prices bumped up to USD 87.49/b intraday on 12 April but have since fallen back and Brent is falling back half a percent today to USD 85.9/b.
Market is concerned for declining OECD manufacturing PMI’s. It is of course the darkening clouds on the macro-sky which is making investors concerned about the outlook for oil products demand and thus crude oil demand. Cross-currents in global oil product demand is making the situation difficult to assess. On the one hand there are significant weakening signals in global diesel demand along with falling manufacturing PMIs. The stuff which makes the industrial world go round. Manufacturing, trucking, mining and heavy duty vehicles all need diesel. (Great Blbrg story on diesel here.) Historically recessions implies a cyclical trough in manufacturing activity, softer diesel demand and falling oil prices. So oil investors are naturally cautious about buying into the bull-story based on OPEC cuts alone.
Cross-currents is making demand growth hard to assess. But the circumstances are much more confusing this time around than in normal recession cycles because: 1) Global Jet fuel demand is reviving/recovering post Covid-19 and along with China’s recent reopening. IEA’s assessment is that 57% of global demand growth this year will be from Jet fuel. And 2) Manufacturing PMIs in China and India are rising while OECD PMIs are falling.
These cross-currents in the demand picture is what makes the current oil market so difficult to assess for everyone and why oil prices are not rallying directly to + USD 100/b. Investors are cautious. Though net-long specs have rallied 137 m b to 509 m b since the recent OPEC cuts were announced.
The world will need more oil from OPEC in 2023 but OPEC is cutting. The IEA is projecting that non-OPEC+ supply will grow by 1.9 m b/d YoY and OPEC+ will decline by 0.8 m b/d and in total that global supply will rise 1.2 m b/d in 2023. In comparison global demand will rise by 2.0 m b/d. At the outset this is a very bullish outlook but the global macro-backdrop could of course deteriorate further thus eroding the current projected demand growth of 2 m b/d. But OPEC can cut more if needed since latest cuts have only brought Saudi Arabia’s production down to its normal level.
OPEC has good reasons to cut production if it can. IEA expects global oil demand to rise 2 m b/d YoY in 2023 and that call-on-OPEC will lift 1.6 m b/d from Q4-22 to Q4-23. I.e. the world needs more oil from OPEC in 2023. But OPEC will likely produce closer to 28 m b/d from May to Dec following latest announced production cuts

Market has tightened with stronger backwardation and investors have increased their long positions

Net long specs in Brent + WTI has bounced since OPEC announcement on coming cuts.

Saudi Arabia’s fiscal cost-break-even was USD 85/b in 2021 projected the IMF earlier. Don’t know when it was projected, but looks like it was before 2020 and thus before the strong rise in inflation. If we add 15% US inflation to the 2021 number we get USD 97/b. Inflation should lift budget costs in Saudi Arabia as it is largely a USD based economy. Though Saudi Arabia’s inflation since Q4-19 is reported as 8% to data while Saudi cost-of-living-index is up by 11%. Good reason for Saudi Arabia to cut if it can cut without loosing market share to US shale.

Adjusting for inflation both on a backward and forward basis. The 5yr Brent price is today at USD 66.3/b but if we adjust for US 5yr inflation it is USD 58.6/b in real terms. That is basically equal to the average Brent spot price from 2015-2019 which was very bearish with booming shale and booming offshore non-OPEC. Market is basically currently pricing that Brent oil market in 5yrs time will be just as bearish as the ultra-bearish period from 2015-2019. It won’t take a lot to beat that when it comes to actual delivery in 2028.

Nominal Brent oil prices and 5yr Brent adj. for 5yr forward inflation expectations only

ARA Diesel cracks to Brent were exceptionally low in 2020/21 and exceptionally high in 2022. Now they are normalizing. Large additions to refining capacity through 2023 will increase competition in refining and reduce margins. Cuts by OPEC+ will at the same time make crude oil expensive. But diesel cracks are still significantly higher than normal. So more downside before back to normal is achieved.

Analys
How renewable fuels are accelerating the decarbonisation of transport

On 16 November 2022, UK’s Royal Air Force (RAF) Voyager aircraft, the military variant of the Airbus A330, took to the skies for 90 minutes over Oxfordshire. What looked like a routine test flight in its outward appearance was ultimately deemed ground-breaking. Why? It was a world-first military transporter aircraft flight, and the first of any aircraft type in the UK to be completed using 100% sustainable jet fuel.

What are renewable fuels?
Renewable hydrocarbon biofuels (also called green or drop-in biofuels) are fuels produced from biomass sources through a variety of biological, thermal, and chemical processes. These products are chemically identical to petroleum gasoline, diesel, or jet fuel.
In other words, renewable fuels are sources of energy chemically identical to fossil fuels but produced from domestic, commercial, or agricultural waste (see Figure 1 below).
Figure 1: Converting waste into energy

Why the excitement?
Renewable fuels, like renewable diesel and sustainable jet fuel, can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by around 80-90% compared to fossil fuels. And because they burn much cleaner, engine filters remain cleaner for longer reducing the need for maintenance. Furthermore, given used cooking oil, vegetable oil, processing waste, and animal fat waste are used as inputs, the production of these fuels reduces biowaste, thereby cutting emissions from landfills.
This makes renewable fuels a key component of the circular economy. Humans have largely operated on the linear model historically when it comes to utilising natural resources. The circular model, in contrast, is much less wasteful and seeks to recycle as much as possible (see Figure 2 below).
Figure 2: The Circular Economy

The most exciting thing about renewable fuels is the immediacy with which they can make an impact. The reason why they are referred to as drop-in fuels is that they can replace fossil fuels in internal combustion engines with little or no modification required. So, if supply was abundant enough, forms of transport which cannot be electrified easily like heavy duty trucks, ships, and aeroplanes can be switched across to renewable fuels making a significant improvement to the environmental footprint. According to BP, “A return flight between London and San Francisco has a carbon footprint per economy ticket of nearly 1 tonne of CO2 equivalent. With the aviation industry expected to double to over 8 billion passengers by 2050, it is essential that we act to reduce aviation’s carbon emissions.”
The challenge
Renewable fuels or biofuels are still in their infancy. This means the obvious hurdle to overcome is cost competitiveness with fossil fuels. Cost estimates vary, but figures from the International Air Transport Association (IATA) provide a useful sense for the ballpark. In May 2022, IATA stated that the average worldwide price of jet fuel is about $4.15 per gallon compared to the US average price of a gallon of sustainable aviation fuel, which is about $8.67.
So, roughly double the price of the incumbent polluting technology. This is not a bad starting point at all. Considering how rapidly the cost of energy storage in batteries has fallen in the last decade, renewable fuels could become competitive quite soon if sufficient investment is made and economies of scale are achieved. IATA also predicts that renewable fuels could make up 2% of all aviation fuels by 2025, which could become a tipping point in their competitiveness.
Businesses are acting
Businesses pursuing their own net zero targets have already started exploring renewable fuels to minimise their waste. Darling Ingredients Inc, which produces its trademark Diamond Green Diesel from recycled animal fats, inedible corn oil, and used cooking oil, was chosen by fast food chain Chick-fil-A in March 2022 to turn its used cooking oil into clean transportation fuel.
Similarly, McDonald’s entered into a partnership with Neste Corporation in 2020 to convert its used vegetable oil into renewable diesel and fuel the trucks that make deliveries to its restaurants. According to TortoiseEcofin, both Darling Ingredients and Neste have a net negative carbon footprint given emissions produced by these businesses are lower that the emissions avoided because of their renewable fuels.
A final word
Renewable fuels alone will not tackle climate change. No single solution can. But they can help us make meaningful progress. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emphasises how crucial it is for the world to halve its greenhouse gas emissions this decade to at least have a chance of limiting global warming to 1.5oC. This means that solutions with an immediate effect have an important role to play. Biofuels can cut emissions from waste in landfills and provide much cleaner alternatives to fossil fuels to help accelerate the world’s decarbonisation efforts. They don’t require different engines to be of use. They just need funding to reach scale.
Mobeen Tahir, Director, Macroeconomic Research & Tactical Solutions, WisdomTree
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