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Defensive Assets: Gold, a precious ally in the fight against equity drawdown

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WisdomTree
WisdomTree

In the previous instalments of this blog series, we highlighted the defensive behaviour of quality and high dividend equities, long duration government bonds and safe haven currencies as an asset, as well as an overlay to other asset classes. The last few weeks really  put investors’ portfolio to the test and the least we can say is that those defensive assets did very well. While Global Equities (MSCI World net TR) lost 17.91% from the most recent tops on 12th February up to 9th March, Long Duration Treasuries (proxied by the Bloomberg Barclays US Treasury 10+) have return an incredible +21.99%. In the same period, Japanese Yen was up 7.54% versus the US Dollar and Quality stocks (proxied by the WisdomTree Global Quality Dividend Growth net TR) did cushion the fall, losing 15.73% and therefore outperforming the market by 2.27%1

This week, our journey takes us to a fourth asset class, Commodities. Using our defensive framework, we will assess how single commodities or commodity sectors react to equity downturn. In particular, we will highlight how:

  • precious metals such as Gold can bring potential diversification and defensiveness to a portfolio as well as act as inflation hedge on the upside. Gold was up 6.96% from 12th February to 9th March 2020;
  • Broad commodities could act as a diversifier in a multi asset portfolio.

In the following, we analyse traditional Commodity benchmarks that use front month futures to invest in the different commodities in the universe (being commodities in general or sectors). The only exception are precious metals, were physical investments are considered (physical bullions in vaults for Gold for example). Enhanced commodities are meant to represent “smart beta” in commodities where the strategy can invest further along the curve (i.e. not always in the front month future) to improve the roll yield available to the investor while delivering similar spot and collateral returns. More information on this topic is available on our website. Those strategies have historically delivered strong outperformance over time while keeping the correlation with the benchmark very high.

Precious Metals stands out in Commodities

Our framework focuses on 4 characteristics, risk reduction, asymmetry of returns, diversification and valuation. Starting with drawdown protection in Figure 1, it is pretty clear that broad commodities and most commodities sectors are cyclical in nature. Enhanced Commodities fare better than traditional benchmark overall, but the standout defensive asset is precious metals and in particular Gold. In 5 out of the 6 drawdown periods, Gold performed positively, delivering 14.4% per year on average. To put this result in perspective, over those 6 periods, European equities have delivered -35.2%, Min Volatility equities -17.8%, Cash +2.8%, EUR Treasury AAA 8.4% and USD Treasury 11.3%2.

It is worth noting, however, that Energy can also deliver some downside protection when the equity downturn is the result of external shocks such as geopolitical uncertainties. In such, cases Energy and Oil, in particular, tend to react on the upside providing some protection aligned with Gold.

Performance in periods of equity drawdown
Source: WisdomTree, Bloomberg. In EUR. Enhanced Commodities Data starts only in May 2001 so it is not represented in the period of the Tech Bubble. More details on the indices used in the figure are available at the end of the blog. The 6 well known equity drawdown periods used in this graph are the Tech Burst (September 2000 to March 2003), the Financial Crisis(July 2007 to March 2009), the Euro Crisis I (April 2010 to July 2010), the Euro Crisis II (My 2011 to October 2011), the China Crisis (April 2015 to February 2016) and Q4 2018.

Looking further at the performance of Precious Metals in periods of drawdown we observe in figure 2 that over the 10 worst quarters for European equities in the last 20 years, Gold has 7 quarters of positive performance – a rate of 70%. On average gold outperformed equities by 19% in those quarters. Silver provides results that are more mixed despite outperforming equities by 14% on average. While over the full period commodities didn’t provide a positive return, in 8 of the 10 periods they outperformed equity markets by 8% on average proving that they are still a powerful diversifier. Enhanced Commodities fared even better outperforming equities by 9.6% on average per quarter.

10 worst equity quarters since july 2000
Source: WisdomTree, Bloomberg. In EUR. More details on the indices used in the figure are available at the end of the blog.

Commodities a chief diversifier

In fact, the rolling 3Y correlation between commodities and equities remains consistently below 50% with long periods where it is nil or even negative. From a pure portfolio construction point of view, this is very exciting as it hands us a diversifying asset that can help reduce the overall volatility of the portfolio.

Roling correlation of commodities with european equities.
Source: WisdomTree, Bloomberg. Period July 2000 to December 2019. Calculations are based on monthly returns in EUR. European Equities is proxied by STOXX Europe 600 net total return index.

Gold, a precious tool to build defensive portfolios

From a more macroeconomic perspective and looking at Commodities performance across business cycles, it is again very clear that Precious Metals offer a protection in economic slowdown or recession. In Figure 3, we have split the last 20 years in 4 types of periods using the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) Composite Leading indicator (“CLI”). The CLI has been designed to decrease a few months before economy start to slow down or increase before the economy restarts. So, a strong decline in CLI tends to indicate a probable downturn in equity markets for example.

Average performance
Source: WisdomTree, Bloomberg. Period July 2000 to December 2019. Calculations are based on monthly returns in EUR. More details on the indices used in the figure are available at the end of the blog.

Enhanced Commodities behaved very well compared to front month commodities, cutting significantly the downside in negative economic environments and doing better in positive ones. It is worth noting as well the extent to which commodities and enhanced commodities perform when the economic signals are strong. This is linked to the well documented properties of commodities as an inflation hedge. Precious Metals exhibit a very strong and versatile profile driven mainly by gold.

It is interesting to note that Gold has outperformed very strongly in very negative or negative economic scenarios but also has done very well in periods of strong economic rebound, buoyed by its inflation hedge proprieties. This makes Gold a pretty asymmetric asset with strong positive performance in difficult economic periods but also good performance in strong rebound and when yields are expected to increase. Silver, similarly to palladium and platinum, offers also an interesting payoff, behaving part like a precious metal and part like an industrial metal. In periods where the economy is strong, it benefits from being used in the industry and behave more pro cyclically than gold. However, in economic downturn, it benefits from its status as a precious metal and delivers some protection. 

This brings us to our fourth pillar in our framework: valuation. WisdomTree issued its quarterly outlook for Gold in January 2020, offering a number of scenarios fo the metal this year. In “Gold: how we value the precious metal”, we explain how we characterise gold’s past behaviour. Unlike other commodities where the balance of physical supply and demand influence the price, gold behaves more like a pseudo currency, driven by more macroeconomic variables like the interest rate environment, inflation, exchange rates and sentiment. Characterising gold’s past behaviour allows us to project where gold could go in the future (assuming it maintains consistent behaviour) using an internal model. In recent weeks, given the sharp rise in volatility of many asset markets and decisive action by a number of central banks across the globe, we are treading a path that looks like the bull case scenario presented our January 2020 outlooks. That scenario would see gold prices head over US$2000/oz by the end of the year. In that scenario, the Federal Reserve of the US embarks on policy easing (which has already started), that drives Treasury yields lower than where they were in December 2019 (Treasury yields have already broken new all-time lows of 0.35% on March 10th 2020). Inflation in that scenario is at an elevated 2.5% (which is in line with the January 2020 actual reading). Lastly, speculative positioning in gold futures markets remains elevated throughout the course of the year (at 350k contracts net long). In February 2020, we saw speculative positioning hit fresh highs (388k) and at the time of writing (10th March 2020), it remains above the 350k. We caution that if the current shock we are experiencing is temporary, we could get the recent interest rate cuts reversed, Treasury yields could rise to 2% and positing in gold futures could head back to more normal levels (closer to 120k). That was what we presented as a base case in January, where gold would end the year at US$1640/oz. So the downside from the levels ate the time of writing is somewhat limited (with gold trading at US$1650/oz at the time of writing) even if we end up in what was the base case.

This concludes our 6 weeks grand tour of the “natural” defensive assets among the main 4 asset classes. Next week we will start focusing on portfolio construction and on different ideas to design defensive and versatile portfolios.

Europe Equities is proxied by the STOXX Europe 600 net total return index. Broad Commodities (Commo) is proxied by the Bloomberg Commodity Total Return Index. Enhanced Commodities is proxied by Optimized Roll Commodity Total Return Index. Energy is proxied by the Bloomberg Energy subindex Total Return Index. Precious Metals is proxied by the Bloomberg Precious Metals subindex Total Return Index. Industrial Metals is proxied by the Bloomberg Industrial Metals subindex Total Return Index. Livestock is proxied by the Bloomberg Livestock subindex Total Return Index. Softs is proxied by the Bloomberg Softs subindex Total Return Index. Grains is proxied by the Bloomberg Grains subindex Total Return Index. Gold is proxied by the LBMA Gold Price PM Index. Silver is proxied by the LBMA Silver Price index.

By: Pierre Debru, Director, Research

Source

WisdomTree, Bloomberg. In EUR.

WisdomTree, Bloomberg. In EUR. Europe Equities is proxied by the STOXX Europe 600 net total return index. Min Vol is proxied by MSCI World Min Volatility net total return index. Cash Euro is proxied by a series of daily compounded Eonia. EUR Treasury AAA is proxied by the Bloomberg Barclays EUR Aggregate Treasury AAA total return index. USD Treasury is proxied by the Bloomberg Barclays USD Treasury total return index. 

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Analys

The ”normal” oil price is USD 97/b

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SEB - analysbrev på råvaror

The Dated Brent crude oil price ydy closed at USD 96/b. Wow, that’s a high price! This sensation however depends on what you think is ”normal”. And normal in the eyes of most market participants today is USD 60/b. But this perception is probably largely based on the recent experience of the market. The average Brent crude oil price from 2015-2019 was USD 58.5/b. But that was a period of booming non-OPEC supply, mostly shale oil. But booming shale oil supply is now increasingly coming towards an end. Looking more broadly at the last 20 years the nominal average price was USD 75/b. But in inflation adjusted terms it was actually USD 97/b.

Bjarne Schieldrop, Chief analyst commodities at SEB
Bjarne Schieldrop, Chief analyst commodities, SEB

Saudi Arabia’s oil minister, Abdulaziz bin Salman, yesterday stated that its production cuts was not about driving the price up but instead it was preemptive versus the highly uncertain global economic development. In that respect it has a very good point. The US 2yr government bond rate has rallied to 5.06% which is the highest since 2006 and just a fraction away of being the highest since December 2000. The Chinese property market is struggling and global PMIs have been downhill since mid-2021 with many countries now at contractive, sub-50 level. Thus a deep concern for the health of the global economy and thus oil demand going forward is absolutely warranted. And thus the preemptive production cuts by Saudi Arabia. But killing the global economy off while it is wobbling with an oil price of USD 110-120/b or higher is of course not a smart thing to do either.

At the same conference in Canada yesterday the CEO of Aramco, Amin H. Nasser, said that he expected global oil demand to reach 110 m b/d in 2030 and that talk about a near term peak in global oil demand was ”driven by policies, rather than the proven combination of markets, competitive economics and technology” (Reuters).

With a demand outlook of 110 m b/d in 2030 the responsible thing to do is of course to make sure that the oil price stays at a level where investments are sufficient to cover both decline in existing production as well as future demand growth.

In terms of oil prices we tend to think about recent history and also in nominal terms. Most market participants are still mentally thinking of the oil prices we have experienced during the shale oil boom years from 2015-2019. The average nominal Brent crude price during that period was USD 58.5/b. This is today often perceived as ”the normal price”. But it was a very special period with booming non-OPEC supply whenever the WTI price moved above USD 45/b. But that period is increasingly behind us. While we could enjoy fairly low oil prices during this period it also left the world with a legacy: Subdued capex spending in upstream oil and gas all through these years. Then came the Covid-years which led to yet another trough in capex spending. We are soon talking close to 9 years of subdued capex spending.

If Amin H. Nasser is ballpark correct in his prediction that global oil demand will reach 110 m b/d in 2030 then the world should better get capex spending rolling. There is only one way to make that happen: a higher oil price. If the global economy now runs into an economic setback or recession and OPEC allows the oil price to drop to say USD 50/b, then we’d get yet another couple of years with subdued capex spending on top of the close to 9 years with subdued spending we already have behind us. So in the eyes of Saudi Arabia, Amin H. Nasser and Abdulaziz bin Salman, the responsible thing to do is to make sure that the oil price stays up at a sufficient level to ensure that capex spending stays up even during an economic downturn.

This brings us back to the question of what is a high oil price. We remember the shale oil boom years with an average nominal price of USD 58.5/b. We tend to think of it as the per definition ”normal” price. But we should instead think of it as the price depression period. A low-price period during which non-OPEC production boomed. Also, adjusting it for inflation, the real average price during this period was actually USD 72.2/b and not USD 58.5/b. If we however zoom out a little and look at the last 20 years then we get a nominal average of USD 75/b. The real, average inflation adjusted price over the past 20 years is however USD 97/b. The Dated Brent crude oil price yesterday closed at USD 96/b.

Worth noting however is that for such inflation adjustment to make sense then the assumed cost of production should actually rise along with inflation and as such create a ”rising floor price” to oil based on rising real costs. If costs in real terms instead are falling due to productivity improvements, then such inflation adjusted prices will have limited bearing for future prices. What matters more specifically is the development of real production costs for non-OPEC producers and the possibility to ramp up such production. Environmental politics in OECD countries is of course a clear limiting factor for non-OPEC oil production growth and possibly a much more important factor than the production cost it self.  

But one last note on the fact that Saudi Arabia’s energy minister, Abdulaziz bin Salman, is emphasizing that the cuts are preemptive rather then an effort to drive the oil price to the sky while Amin H. Nasser is emphasizing that we need to be responsible. It means that if it turns out that the current cuts have indeed made the global oil market too tight with an oil price spiraling towards USD 110-120/b then we’ll highly likely see added supply from Saudi Arabia in November and December rather than Saudi sticking to 9.0 m b/d. This limits the risk for a continued unchecked price rally to such levels.

Oil price perspectives. We tend to think that the nominal average Brent crude oil price of USD 58.5/b during the shale oil boom years from 2015-19 is per definition the ”normal” price. But that period is now increasingly behind us. Zoom out a little to the real, average, inflation adjusted price of the past 20 years and we get USD 97/b. In mathematical terms it is much more ”normal” than the nominal price during the shale oil boom years 

The new normal oil price
Source: SEB graph and calculations, Bloomberg data feed.

Is global oil demand about to peak 1: OECD and non-OECD share of global population

OECD and non-OECD share of global population
Source: SEB graph and calculations, UN population data

Is global oil demand about to peak 2: Oil demand per capita per year

Oil demand per capita per year
Source: SEB graph and calculations, BP oil data
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Analys

USD 100/b in sight but oil product demand may start to hurt

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SEB - analysbrev på råvaror

Some crude oil grades have already traded above USD 100/b. Tapis last week at USD 101.3/b. Dated Brent is trading at USD 95.1/b. No more than some market noise is needed to drive it above USD 100/b. But a perceived and implied oil market deficit of 1.5 to 2.5 m b/d may be closer to balance than a deficit. And if so the reason is probably that oil product demand is hurting. Refineries are running hard. They are craving for crude and converting it to oil products. Crude stocks in US, EU16 and Japan fell 23 m b in August as a result of this and amid continued restraint production by Saudi/Russia. But oil product stocks rose 20.3 m b with net draws in crude and products of only 2.7 m b for these regions. Thus indicating more of a balanced market than a deficit. Naturally there has been strong support for crude prices while oil product refinery margins have started to come off. Saudi/Russia is in solid control of the market. Both crude and product stocks are low while the market is either in deficit or at best in balance. So there should be limited down side price risk. But oil product demand is likely to hurt more if Brent crude rises to USD 110-120/b and such a price level looks excessive.

Bjarne Schieldrop, Chief analyst commodities at SEB
Bjarne Schieldrop, Chief analyst commodities, SEB

Crude oil prices have been on a relentless rise since late June when it became clear that Saudi Arabia would keep its production at 9 m b/d not just in July but also in August. Then later extended to September and then lately to the end of the year. On paper this has placed the market into a solid deficit. Total OPEC production was 27.8 m b/d in August and likely more or less the same in September. OPEC estimates that the need for oil from OPEC in Q3-23 is 29.2 m b/d which places the global market in a 1.4 m b/d deficit when OPEC produces 27.8 m b/d.

The proof of the pudding is of course that inventories actually draws down when there is a deficit. A 1.4 m b/d of deficit for 31 days in August implies a global inventory draw of 43.4 m b/d. If we assume that OECD countries accounts for 46% of global oil demand then OECD could/should have had a fair share of inventory rise of say 20 m b in August. Actual inventory data are however usually a lagging set of data so we have to work with sub sets of data being released on a higher frequency. And non-OECD demand and inventory data are hard to come by.

If we look at oil inventory data for US, EU16 and Japan we see that crude stocks fell 23 m b in August while product stocks rose 20.3 m b with a total crude and product draw of only 2.7 m b. I.e. indicating close to a balanced market in August rather than a big deficit. But it matters that crude stocks fell 23 m b. That is a tight crude market where refineries are craving and bidding for crude oil together with speculators who are buying paper-oil. So refineries worked hard to buy crude oil and converting it to oil products in August. But these additional oil products weren’t gobbled up by consumers but instead went into inventories.

Rising oil product inventories is of course  a good thing since these inventories in general are low. And also oil product stocks are low. The point is more that the world did maybe not run a large supply/demand deficit of 1.5 to 2.5 m b/d in August but rather had a more balanced market. A weaker oil product demand than anticipated would then likely be the natural explanation for this. Strong refinery demand for crude oil, crude oil inventory draws amid a situation where crude inventories already are low is of course creating an added sense of bullishness for crude oil.

On the one hand strong refinery demand for crude oil has helped to drive crude oil prices higher amid continued production cuts by Saudi Arabia. Rising oil product stocks have on the other hand eased the pressure on oil products and thus softened the oil product refinery margins.

The overall situation is that Saudi Arabia together with Russia are in solid control of the oil market. Further that the global market is either balanced or in deficit and that both crude and product stocks are still low. Thus we have a tight market both in terms of supplies and inventories. So there should be limited downside in oil prices. We are highly likely to see Dated Brent moving above USD 100/b. It is now less than USD 5/b away from that level and only noise is needed to bring it above. Tupis crude oil in Asia traded at USD 101.3/b last week. So some crude benchmarks are already above the USD 100/b mark.

While Dated Brent looks set to hit USD 100/b in not too long we are skeptical with respect to further price rises to USD 110-120/b as oil product demand likely increasingly would start to hurt. Unless of course if we get some serious supply disruptions. But Saudi Arabia now has several million barrels per day of reserve capacity as it today only produces 9.0 m b/d. Thus disruptions can be countered. Oil product demand, oil product cracks and oil product inventories is a good thing to watch going forward. An oil price of USD 85-95/b is probably much better than USD 110-120/b for a world where economic activity is likely set to slow rather than accelerate following large interest rate hikes over the past 12-18 months.

OPEC’s implied call-on-OPEC crude oil. If OPEC’s production stays at 27.8 m b/d throughout Q3-23 and Q4-23 then OPECs numbers further strong inventory draws to the end of the year.

OPEC's implied call-on-OPEC crude oil.
Source: SEB graph and calculations. Call-on-OPEC as calculated by OPEC in its Sep report.

Net long speculative positions in Brent crude and WTI. Speculators have joined the price rally since end of June.

Graph of net long speculative positions in Brent crude and WTI.
Source: SEB calculations and graph, Blbrg data

End of month crude and product stocks in m b in EU16, US and Japan. Solid draw in crude stocks but also solid rise in product stocks. In total very limited inventory draw. Refineries ran hard to convert crude to oil products but these then went straight into inventories alleviating low oil product inventories there.

End of month crude and product stocks
Source: SEB table, Argus data

ARA oil product refinery margins have come off their highs for all products as the oil product situation has eased a bit. Especially so for gasoline with now fading summer driving. But also HFO 3.5% cracks have eased back a little bit. But to be clear, diesel cracks and mid-dist cracks are still exceptionally high. And even gasoline crack down to USD 17.6/b is still very high this time of year.

ARA oil product refinery margins
Source: SEB graph and calculations

ARA diesel cracks in USD/b. Very, very high in 2022. Almost normal in Apr and May. Now very high vs. normal though a little softer than last year.

ARA diesel cracks in USD/b.
Source: SEB graph and calculations, Blbrg data

US crude and product stocks vs. 2015-2019 average. Still very low mid-dist inventories (diesel) and also low crude stocks but not all that low gasoline inventories.

US crude and product stocks vs. 2015-2019 average.
Source: SEB graph and calculations, Blbrg data feed

US crude and product stocks vs. 2015-2019 averages. Mid-dist stocks have stayed persistently low while gasoline stocks suddenly have jumped as gasoline demand seems to have started to hurt due to higher prices.

US crude and product stocks vs. 2015-2019 averages.
Source: SEB calculations and graph, Blbrg data feed.

Total commercial US crude and product stocks in million barrels. Rising lately. If large, global deficit they should have been falling sharply. Might be a blip?

Total commercial US crude and product stocks in million barrels.
Source: SEB graph and calculations, Blbrg data feed, EIA data
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Analys

USD 85/b or USD 110/b is up to Saudi/Russia to decide

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SEB - analysbrev på råvaror

The market is bewildered and cannot quite figure out whether the latest extension of Saudi Arabia’s unilateral cut to the end of the year is 1) A reflection of weakness to come and an effort to preemptively trying to avoid the oil price from falling below USD 85/b amid coming weakness, or 2) An effort do drive the oil price to USD 100-110/b by the end of the year. If the IEA’s latest calculations for global demand in Q3 and Q4 are correct and Saudi sticks to its cuts then global inventories will indeed decline by 250 million barrels by year end and Brent crude will rally to USD 100-110/b. And Saudi Arabia will get a lot of blame. One thing which is very clear though is that Saudi Arabia together with Russia is in comfortable control of the oil market and we’ll just have to accept the oil price they are aiming for.

Bjarne Schieldrop, Chief analyst commodities at SEB
Bjarne Schieldrop, Chief analyst commodities, SEB

OPEC produced 27.8 m b/d in August. The IEA in its latest OMR has calculated call-on-OPEC to be 30 m b/d in Q3-23 and 29.8 m b/d in Q4-23. So on paper the global market is running a deficit of 2.2 m b/d or 15.4 m b per week. If so we should see a decline in US oil inventories as they are impacted by the global balance. Maybe on par with US oil demand share of the world being close to 20%. I.e. we should expect to see an inventory decline in the US of at least 3 m b per week. Maybe more. And indeed that is also what we have seen. Ydy the US API released partial US inventory data indicating that US crude inventories declined 5.5 m b last week while gasoline inventories declined 5.1 m b. That is big and a clear signal that the market today is running at a significant deficit. Other signs of a tight market is the elevated level of backwardation in crude and oil product forward curves, rising official selling prices by Saudi and also the fact that Dubai crude is trading at a premium of close to USD 1/b versus Brent crude rather than the usual discount of USD 1-2-3/b.

In this perspective the extension of Saudi Arabia’s unilateral production cut to the end of the year is shocking. If the IEA is correct in its assessments then we would get a global inventory draw of about 250 million barrels from now to the end of the year. And if so the Brent crude oil price would indeed move to USD 100 – 110/b by the end of the year. Speculators can then doubt the market as much as they want. But such a physical deficit would most definitely drive the price up, up, up.

This deliberate action of driving the oil price to USD 100 – 110/b can then squarely be blamed on Saudi Arabia’s unilateral production cuts. Together with Russian export curbs of 0.3 m b/d of course. Everyone can accept that the oil price rallies to USD 100/b and higher due to unforeseen events. But here we are talking about deliberate action of driving the oil price higher in the face of a western world fighting hard to curb inflation while the Biden administration is also preparing for a re-election in 2024. Gasoline prices higher and higher. Hm, that is not at all what the US consumers wants, what Biden wants or what the Fed wants. So the latest action from Saudi Arabia, if it drives the oil price to USD 100/b or higher must indeed lead to political heat from the US.

But there is a possible excuse. We know that interest rates have been lifted rapidly over the past 12-18 months and that this is leading to global economic cooling for the year to come. Add China’s struggling housing market to this. Western consumers are buying less stuff from China. Chinese consumers are buying less stuff because they fear the economic situation. Chinese exports are down 8.8% YoY and imports are down 7.3% YoY.

Saudi Arabia has one of the biggest physical oil books in the world. As such it can see the cards of its oil purchasing clients on a 1-2-3 months forward basis. It can see what they are booking and ordering for the coming 1-2-3 months. IEA’s calculations is the global balance on paper. It is a static snapshot. But the world is dynamic and changing all the time. So it is possible that the extension of Saudi Arabia’s unilateral cut is a counter to weakness to come and an effort to avoid the oil price from falling below USD 85/b rather than an effort to drive the oil price to USD 100/b or higher. It is impossible to know for sure. What we can be pretty confident about however is that Saudi Arabia together with Russia are comfortably running the show.

Another twist here is also that even if Saudi Arabia now has pledged to keep its production at 9 m b/d (vs. normal 10 m b/d) to end of December, it always has the option to change the course in October and November. I.e. if it turns out that the cuts are too deep and the market is overly short oil, then it can lift production November and December if need be.

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