Analys
Peak oil-teorin har peakat – men har priset gjort det?
International Petroleum Week London
“Peak oil theory has peaked – but has the price peaked too?”
Under veckan besökte vi den årliga internationella petroleum konferensen i London. Vårt första intryck var lika starkt som tydligt; för sex år sedan pratade alla ”peak oil”, i år pratar alla ”shale revolution”. Nedan sammanfattar vi de fundamentala förutsättningarna på oljemarknaden inför konferensen samt de diskussioner som fördes såväl på podiet som i annexen över kaffe, snacks och drinkar.
Oljemarknadens hörnpelare skakar
Vi reste till London med bilden av en oljemarknad som på pappret ser ut att möta svåra prövningar under 2014. Brent, den nya globala standarden, har snittat 110 USD under de tre senaste åren, ett väldigt högt pris med historisk blick. Under 25 år fram till 2011 snittade brent 33 USD. På kort tid har konsensus långsiktiga syn med ett brentpris över 100 USD växt sig så starkt att man kan tro att vi alla föds med den vyn. Bloombergs konsensus-undersökning visar just nu 105 USD för december 14. Goda nyheter för oljeproducenter – mindre goda för oljeimporterande länder, speciellt de lidande i Europa som med en svag euro betalar mer för sin oljenota under eurokrisen än under prisspiken på 147 USD 2008. ”That´s the Europeans´ problem isn´t it?”, som en amerikansk producent kommenterade den saken.
Emerging Markets
Första och största utmaningen för året är Kina och de övriga snabbväxande icke OECDländerna. Detta kluster ska skapa väldens ökade oljekonsumtion under året genom att kompensera för fallande konsumtion i OECD orsakad av energieffektiviseringar. Kina står för 25 % av gruppens oljekonsumtion men landets ekonomi skakar. Sista kvartalet 2013 växte drakens revir med 7,7 %, den lägsta nivån på 14 år och vår prognos är att inbromsningen fortsätter till 7,5 % under 2014. Zoomar vi in på drakens aptit för olja har den mättats oroväckande fort. Under 2013 växte den bara med 1,6 % klart under IEA:s förväntning på 3,8%. Det gjorde faktiskt att USA blev världens snabbast växande oljekonsument i fat räknat 2013. Det gör också att Kina inte längre kan axla rollen som hörnpelaren på efterfrågesidan i ekvationen som ger ett oljepris över 100 USD.
Big Ben
Det slutar inte med Kina, icke OECD blocket har problem även utöver drakens matvanor. Västvärldens maniska stimulanser efter finanskrisen har gett EM ett lyft när investerare sökt bättre avkastning utanför sina hemmamarknader och på så vis gett EM-länderna tillgång till billig finansiering. Denna rörelse har triggat ett starkt behov av råvaror – däribland olja – till EM. När nu västvärldens fanbärare, Fed har vänt på klacken och börjat strypa tillgången på ”hot money” till EM så har det skakat om EM ordentligt, både i år när tapering började och i maj 2013 när tapering påkallades av Ben Bernanke.
Geopolitiken och OPEC
Den tredje skakande hörnpelaren är den geopolitiska oron. Oron kring Iran, oljetjuvar i Nigeria, sönderfallet i Irak och inbördeskriget i Libyen har alla eldat på oljepriset under de tre senaste åren. Omkring 3 millioner fat per dag i export ligger idag nere i dessa länder. Denna förlust kompenseras ganska precist av USA:s stigande produktion vilket skapat ett status quo för oljepriset trots den dramatiska omfördelningen i produktion de senaste åren. Nu börjar emellertid dessa problem att lätta. Irak har redan ökat exporten från de södra delarna med 0,3 Mbpd och landet säger sig kunna addera 1 Mbpd under året totalt.
Förhandlingarna med Iran har däremot klappat ihop och motsvarar inte längre förväntansbilden. Lättnader i sanktionerna innefattar ännu inte olja men om de fortsätter borde oljesanktionerna släppas i mitten av året och Irans oljeexport kan då påbörja en långsam återhämtning. Om det överhuvudtaget händer.
Libyen ser däremot hoppfullt ut. Exporten är uppdämd av strejker och hot från östra delarna av landet om att sälja olja oberoende av Tripoli. Det vore osannolikt att 2014 slutar utan en lösning och möjlighet för Libyen att säkra väl behövda exportinkomster från olja. Av de tre oroshärdarna är Libyen den som snabbast kan åstadkomma en prispåverkande export och därför den främste att hålla ögonen på.
OPEC:s situation kommer därmed försämras radikalt. De icke drabbade medlemmarna i kartellen har kunnat åtnjuta hög produktion till högt pris då tre av medlemmarnas export ofrivilligt legat nere. Återvänder Libyen, Iran och Irak till export återstår det att se hur intresserade Saudi är av att skära ner på produktionen för att lämna över inkomsterna till Irak (som ännu officiellt står utanför OPEC:s gemensamma produktionskvot) och Iran?
Vad tyckte folk på IP Week?
Enklast kan man dela upp diskussionspunkterna i vad som deltagarna generellt tycktes vara
väl överrens om:
- Brent som benchmark fungerar dåligt. Den underliggande produktionen är nu under 1 Mbpd och 60-70 % av den går till Asien. Ska Brent som benchmark överleva när Nordsjöns produktion faller måste kvalitéer från Afrika eller Ryssland inkluderas.
- Energiefterfrågan kommer att öka med icke OECD-ländernas framväxt.
- Elproduktion kommer ta en allt större del av oljekonsumtionen när EM får utökad tillgång till el.
- Energikonsumtionen är mättad i OECD och kommer minska i takt med energieffektiviseringar.
- Kina kommer öka energikonsumtionen fram till 2020 och sedan plana ut.
- Konceptet med ”peak oil” är utdött, var är Aleklett nu?
- Fossila bränslen kommer att dominera under en horisont fram till 2040
- Naturgas har växt fram som den mest prisvärda energiråvaran i kontexten av ett pris på CO2 utsläpp.
…och de områden där åsikterna starkt gick isär:
- Kommer kolanvändningen öka eller minska (beror på Kinas vägval för att lösa luftproblemen)
- Hur kommer efterfrågan på energi att påverkas av OECD:s allt effektivare energianvändande? (potentialen är enorm, energiförlusten innan den slutar som användbar värme eller kyla, ljus eller rörelse är förvånansvärt stor) .
- Kommer gas ersätta oljan i transportsektorn?
- Kommer el och/eller vätgasbilar ta betydelsefulla marknadsandelar från olja i transportsektorn?
Man kan konstatera att transportsektorns ökade andel av oljekonsumtionen förde sektorn högt på agendan. Utvecklingspotentialen i sektorn skapade diskussioner. Så gjorde även de nu inte lika aktuella klimatmålen. Osäkerheten kring hur mycket koldioxid som krävs för en grad uppvärmning divergerar mer än någonsin och gör diskussionerna hypotetiska. 2 gradsmålet verkar energiindustrin inte längre ta på allvar.
Market is starting to take US/Iran headlines with a pinch of salt. Brent crude rose $2.8/b yesterday to an official close of $112.1/b. But after that it traded as low as $108.05/b before ending late night at around $109.7/b. Through the day it traded in a range of $106.87 – 112.72/b amid a flurry of news or rumors from Iran and the US. ”US temporary sanctions during negotiations” (falls alarm). ”We will bomb Iran” (not anyhow),… etc. While the market is still fluctuating to this kind of news flow, it is starting to take such headlines with a pinch of salt.
We’ll see. Maybe, maybe not. The Brent M1 contract is trading at $110.2/b this morning which very close to the average ticks through yesterday of $110.4/b.
Trump with bearish, verbal intervention whenever Brent trades above $110/b it seems. What seems to be a pattern is that Trump states something like ”very good negotiations going on with Iran”, ”New leaders in Iran are great,..”, ”Great progress in negotiations,…”, ”Deal in sight,..” etc whenever the Brent M1 contract trades above $110/b. An effort to cool the market. These hot air verbal interventions from Trump used to have a heavy bearish impact on prices, but they now seems to have less and less effect unless they are backed by reality.
As far as we can see there has been no real progress in the negotiations between the US and Iran with both sides still standing by their previous demands.
Iran is getting stronger while the cease fire lasts making a return to war for Trump yet harder. Iran is naturally in constant preparation for a return to war given Trump’s steady threats of bombing Iran again. Iran is naturally doing what ever is possible to prepare for a return to war. And every day the cease fire lasts it is better prepared. This naturally makes it more and more difficult and dangerous for the US to return to warring activity versus Iran as the consequences for energy infrastructure in the Persian Gulf will be more and more severe the longer the cease fire lasts. Israel seems to see it this way as well. That the war is not won and that current frozen state of a cease fire gives Iran opportunity to rebuild military and politically.
Global inventories are drawing down day by day. How much? In the meantime the Strait of Hormuz stays closed. There is varying measures and estimates of how much global inventories are drawing down. Our rough estimate, back of the envelope, is that global inventories are drawing down by at least some 10 mb/d or about 300 mb/d in a balance between loss of supply versus demand destruction. Other estimates we see are a monthly draw of 250-270 mb/d. The IEA only ’measured’ a draw in global observable stocks of 117 mb in April with oil on water rising 53 mb while on shore stocks fell 170 mb. But global stocks are hard to measure with large invisible, unmeasured stocks. As such a back of the envelope approach may be better.
Oil products is what the world is consuming. Oil product prices likely to rise while product stocks fall. Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR) are predominantly crude oil. Discharging oil from OECD SPR stocks, a sharp reduction in Chinese crude imports and a reduction in global refinery throughput of 6-7 mb/d has helped to keep crude oil markets satisfactorily supplied. But global inventories are drawing down none the less. And oil products is really what the world is consuming. So if global refinery throughput stays subdued, then demand will eventually have to match the supply of oil products. The likely path forward this summer is a steady draw down in jet fuel, diesel and gasoline. Higher prices for these. Then, if possible, higher refinery throughput and higher usage of crude in response to very profitable refinery margins. And lastly sharper draw in crude stocks and higher prices for these. But some 6 mb/d of oil products used to be exported through the Strait of Hormuz. And it may not be so easy to ramp up refinery activity across the world to compensate. Especially as Ukraine continues to damage Russian refineries as well as Russian crude production and export facilities.
Watch oil product stocks and prices as well as Brent calendar 2027. What to watch for this summer is thus oil product inventories falling and oil product premiums to crude rising. Another measure to watch is the Brent crude 2027 contract as it rises steadily day by day as the Strait of Hormuz stays closed and global oil inventories decline. The latter is close to the highest level since the start of the war and keeps rising.
The Brent M1 contract and the Brent 2027 prices and current price of jet fuel in Europe (ARA). All in USD/b
Our back of the envelope calculation of the global shortage created by the closure of the Strait of Hormuz. Note that 3.5 mb/d of discharge from SPR is also a draw. Note also that ’Forced demand loss’ of 2.5 mb/d is probably temporary and will fall back towards zero as logistics are sorted out leaving ’Price demand loss’ to do the job of balancing the market. Thus a shortfall of at least 9 mb/d created by the closure. More if SPR discharge is included and more if Forced demand loss recedes.
Brent is climbing higher. Front-month is at USD 106.3/bl this morning, close to a weekly high and a USD 9/bl jump from Mondays open. This is the move we flagged as a risk earlier in the week: the market shifting from ”a deal is around the corner” to ”this is going to take longer than we thought”.
Analyst Commodities, SEB
During April, rest-of-year Brent remained remarkably stable around USD 90/bl. A stability which rested on one single assumption: the SoH reopens around 1 May. That assumption is now slowly falling apart.
As we highlighted yesterday: every week of delay beyond 1 May adds (theoretically) ish USD 5/bl to the rest-of-year average, as global inventories draw 100 million barrels per week. i.e., a mid-May reopening implies rest-of-year Brent closer to USD 100/bl, and anything pushing into June or July takes us meaningfully higher.
What’s changed in the last 48 hours:
#1: The US military has formally warned that clearing suspected sea mines from SoH could take up to six months. That is a completely different timescale from what the financial market is pricing. Even a political deal tomorrow does not immediately reopen the strait.
#2: Trump has shifted his tone from urgency to ”strategic patience”. In yesterday’s press conference: ”Don’t rush me… I want a great deal.” The market is reading this as a president no longer feeling pressured by timelines, with the naval blockade running in the background.
#3: So far, the military activity is escalating, not de-escalating. Axios reports Iran is laying more mines in SoH. The US 3rd carrier strike group (USS George H.W. Bush) is arriving with two countermine vessels. Trump yesterday ordered the US Navy to destroy any Iranian boats caught laying mines. While CNN reports that the Pentagon is actively drawing up plans to strike Iranian SoH capabilities and individual Iranian military leaders if the ceasefire collapses. i.e., NOT a attitude consistent with an imminent deal!
Spot crude and product prices eased off the early-April highs on a combination of system rerouting and deal optimism. Both now weakening. Goldman estimates April Gulf output is reduced by 14.5 mbl/d, or 57% of pre-war supply, a number that keeps getting worse the longer this drags on.
Demand-side adaptation is ongoing: S. Korea has cut its Middle East crude dependence from 69% to 56% by pulling more from the Americas and Africa, and Japan is kicking off a second round of SPR releases from 1 May. But SPRs are finite.
Ref. to the negotiations, we should not bet on speed. The current Iranian leadership is dominated by genuine hardliners willing to absorb economic pain and run the clock to extract concessions. That is not a setup for a rapid resolution. US/Israeli media briefings keep framing the delay as ”internal Iranian divisions”, the reality is more complicated and points toward weeks and months, not days.
Our point is that the complexity is large, and higher prices have only just started (given a scenario where the negotiations drag out in time). The market spent April leaning on the USD 90/bl rest-of-year assumption; that case is diminishing by the hour. If ”early May reopening” is replaced by ”June, July or later” over the next week or two, both crude and products have meaningful room to reprice higher from here. There is a high risk being short energy and betting on any immediate political resolution(!).
Down on Friday. Up on Monday. The Brent June crude oil contract traded down 5.1% last week to a close of $90.38/b. It reached a high of $103.87/b last Monday and a low of $86.09/b on Friday as Iran announced that the Strait of Hormuz was fully open for transit. That quickly changed over the weekend as the US upheld its blockade of Iranian oil exports while Iran naturally responded by closing the SoH again. The US blew a hole in the engine room of the Iranian ship TOUSKA and took custody of the ship on Sunday. Brent crude is up 5.6% this morning to $95.4/b.
The cease-fire is expiring tomorrow. The US has said it will send a delegation for a second round of negotiations in Islamabad in Pakistan. But Iran has for now rejected a second round of talks as it views US demands as unrealistic and excessive while the US is also blocking the Strait of Hormuz.
While Brent is up 5% this morning, the financial market is still very optimistic that progress will be made. That talks will continue and that the SoH will fully open by the start of May which is consistent with a rest-of-year average Brent crude oil price of around $90/b with the market now trading that balance at around $88/b.
Financial optimism vs. physical deterioration. We have a divergence where the financial market is trading negotiations, improvements and resolution while at the same time the physical market is deteriorating day by day. Physical oil flows remain constrained by disrupted flows, longer voyage times and elevated freight and insurance costs.
Financial markets are betting that a US/Iranian resolution will save us in time from violent shortages down the road. But every day that the SoH remains closed is bringing us closer to a potentially very painful point of shortages and much higher prices.
The US blockade is also a weapon of leverage against its European and Asian allies. When Iran closed the SoH it held the world economy as a hostage against the US. The US blockade of the SoH is of course blocking Iranian oil exports. But it is also an action of disruption directed towards Europe and Asia. The US has called for the rest of the world to engaged in the war with Iran: ”If you want oil from the Persian Gulf, then go and get it”. A risk is that the US plays brinkmanship with the global oil market directed towards its European and Asian allies and maybe even towards China to force them to engage and take part. Maybe unthinkable. But unthinkable has become the norm with Trump in the White House.
Sommarväder skapar prisrally på elbörsen
Oil product price pain is set to rise as the Strait of Hormuz stays closed into summer
Solkraften pressar elpriserna dagtid
Michel Gubel ger sin syn på oljemarknaden