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Ingen tvärbroms på råvarornas supercykel

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Om Kina och råvaror av Handelsbanken

Magnus Strömer, råvaruchef på HandelsbankenNär Kina ställer om ekonomin till att drivas mer av inhemsk konsumtion lär det leda till både lägre tillväxttal och ändrad råvarukonsumtion. Betyder det att råvarornas så kallade supercykel är över? Både ja och nej.

Kina håller i snabb takt på att ställa om ekonomin från infrastrukturinvesteringar och export av lågförädlade varor som största drivkrafter, till en mer uthållig tillväxt driven av inhemsk konsumtion. Det kommer att leda till lägre tillväxttal framöver, och till en helt annan profil på Kinas råvarukonsumtion.

I det stora perspektivet kan omställningen av Kinas tillväxtmodell bara beskrivas som helt naturlig. Det är en utveckling som ska komma när människor får det bättre, blir bättre utbildade, ökar medvetenheten om miljöpåverkan och så vidare. Drivkraften hos invånarna skiftar: Från att arbeta maximalt för att kunna skicka hem pengar till anhöriga, arbetar de för att njuta mer av livet eller kunna leva lite mer västerländskt.

Hur en supercykel för råvaror fungerarMen utvecklingen har också lett till resonemang runt att råvarornas så kallade ”supercykel” (se faktaruta), skapad av Kinas oerhörda tillväxt de senaste tio åren, är över. Det finns ett väldigt tydligt samband mellan å ena sidan hur nationer tar sig ur fattigdom och utvecklar en medelklass, och å andra sidan hur efterfrågan på råvaror ser ut. Förenklat kan man säga att industrialisering leder till stigande ekonomiskt välstånd som bygger på att en fysisk infrastruktur utvecklas, med allt från bostäder och vägar till fabriker, bilar, broar, järnvägar och flygplatser. I Kina har dessa infrastrukturprojekt antagit närmast ofattbara proportioner under de senaste två decennierna. Det har skapat en gigantisk efterfrågan på råvaror, som i sin tur lett till kraftiga prisökningar. Det mest framträdande exemplet är koppar som under de senaste tio åren stigit med 390 procent.

Befolkningstäthet i KinaKina har under de senaste tio åren gått från cirka 3 000 dollar i BNP per capita till strax under 10 000 dollar. Just det intervallet brukar vara den mest råvaruintensiva fasen i ett lands utveckling. Efter att BNP per capita överstigit 12 000 dollar planar råvarukonsumtionen normalt ut, och ändrar framför allt karaktär.

Det kan dock visa sig vara lite tidigt att dra slutsatser angående den kinesiska drakens aptit på de mer basala råvarorna såsom metaller och annat som behövs för infrastrukturbyggen. Kina är som bekant en gigantisk nation. Det är dessutom en nation med stora regionala skillnader. Detta gör att det kan vara vanskligt att använda samma analys som i andra, mindre länder. De regioner i Kina som nått längst i ”industrialiseringen” och som vid utgången av 2012 låg över 20 000 dollar i BNP per capita är Beijing och Shanghai, samt de regioner som ligger i dessa megastäders närhet. Det är dock viktigt att ha i åtanke att i dessa regioner bor ”endast” cirka 60 miljoner invånare. Tittar man på hur stor del av Kinas befolkning som ligger över 12 000 dollar i BNP per capita så landar summan på strax under en halv miljard invånare. Det är närmast ofattbart stora siffror.

Andel kineser som bor på landet respektive i städer - urbaniseringMen – det betyder i sin tur att 850 miljoner människor, framför allt i inlandet, ligger kvar på väldigt låga nivåer när det gäller välstånd, utveckling och urbanisering. Det är 100 miljoner fler invånare än vad som bor i hela Europa (inklusive Ryssland). Dessa 850 miljoner har inte gjort den resa som den mer utvecklade delen av Kina gjort, och det är dit som en allt större del av tillverkning och ysselsättning nu flyttar.

Megastäderna har nämligen blivit väldigt dyra för arbetssökande att flytta till, och löneinflationen har varit mycket hög i de heta regionerna. Det skapar ett tryck att utveckla nya regioner inne i landet, och öka urbaniseringsgraden där. Och just urbanisering är inte bara väldigt en väldig drivkraft i efterfrågan på råvaror – det är också en av de starkaste trender vi ser i världen. Enligt FN:s prognoser kommer det redan år 2030 finnas 221 städer i Kina som är större än Stockholm, och det kommer att finnas 23 städer med fler än fem miljoner invånare.

Urbaniseringstakten är i princip lika hög var man än tittar i Asien, oavsett urbaniseringsgraden. Med andra ord finns det få anledningar att tro att urbaniseringen i Kina ska avstanna, även om landet nu nått en bit över 50 procents urbaniseringsgrad. Som jämförelse ligger motsvarande siffra i Japan runt 90 procent, och där fortsätter folk att flytta till städer. Liksom här i Sverige…

Biltätheten, som är intimt knuten till den ekonomiska aktiviteten, är också den ojämnt spridd mellan den utvecklade delen av landet och de delar som inte kommit lika långt. En växande bilflotta kommer inte bara att påverka förbrukningen av bensin och diesel – den kräver också fortsatta stora investeringar i infrastruktur som vägar, broar och tunnlar.

Kinas enorma storlek i sig gör alltså att nationella jämförelser blir svåra. Skillnaderna mellan olika provinser är väldigt stora och skillnaderna mellan stad och landsbygd är enorma. Det finns all anledning att tro att Kina kommer att ha väldigt stor påverkan på den globala råvaruefterfrågan under lång tid ännu. Därför måste vi svara både ja och nej på frågan om supercykeln är över: Ja, den är över för de utvecklade och industrialiserade regionerna. Men också nej: För en gigantisk del av befolkningen har den bara börjat.

Analys

Brent needs to fall to USD 58/b to make cheating unprofitable for Kazakhstan

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SEB - analysbrev på råvaror

Brent jumping 2.4% as OPEC+ lifts quota by ”only” 411 kb/d in July. Brent crude is jumping 2.4% this morning to USD 64.3/b following the decision by OPEC+ this weekend to lift the production cap of ”Voluntary 8” (V8) by 411 kb/d in July and not more as was feared going into the weekend. The motivation for the triple hikes of 411 kb/d in May and June and now also in July has been a bit unclear: 1) Cheating by Kazakhstan and Iraq, 2) Muhammed bin Salman listening to Donald Trump for more oil and a lower oil price in exchange for weapons deals and political alignments in the Middle East and lastly 3) Higher supply to meet higher demand for oil this summer. The argument that they are taking back market share was already decided in the original plan of unwinding the 2.2 mb/d of V8 voluntary cuts by the end of 2026. The surprise has been the unexpected speed with monthly increases of 3×137 kb/d/mth rather than just 137 kb/d monthly steps.

Bjarne Schieldrop, Chief analyst commodities, SEB
Bjarne Schieldrop, Chief analyst commodities, SEB

No surplus yet. Time-spreads tightened last week. US inventories fell the week before last. In support of point 3) above it is worth noting that the Brent crude oil front-end backwardation strengthened last week (sign of tightness) even when the market was fearing for a production hike of more than 411 kb/d for July. US crude, diesel and gasoline stocks fell the week before last with overall commercial stocks falling 0.7 mb versus a normal rise this time of year of 3-6 mb per week. So surplus is not here yet. And more oil from OPEC+ is welcomed by consumers.

Saudi Arabia calling the shots with Russia objecting. This weekend however we got to know a little bit more. Saudi Arabia was predominantly calling the shots and decided the outcome. Russia together with Oman and Algeria opposed the hike in July and instead argued for zero increase. What this alures to in our view is that it is probably the cheating by Kazakhstan and Iraq which is at the heart of the unexpectedly fast monthly increases. Saudi Arabia cannot allow it to be profitable for the individual members to cheat. And especially so when Kazakhstan explicitly and blatantly rejects its quota obligation stating that they have no plans of cutting production from 1.77 mb/d to 1.47 mb/d. And when not even Russia is able to whip Kazakhstan into line, then the whole V8 project is kind of over.

Is it simply a decision by Saudi Arabia to unwind faster altogether? What is still puzzling though is that despite the three monthly hikes of 411 kb/d, the revival of the 2.2 mb/d of voluntary production cuts is still kind of orderly. Saudi Arabia could have just abandoned the whole V8 project from one month to the next. But we have seen no explicit communication that the plan of reviving the cuts by the end of 2026 has been abandoned. It may be that it is simply a general change of mind by Saudi Arabia where the new view is that production cuts altogether needs to be unwinded sooner rather than later. For Saudi Arabia it means getting its production back up to 10 mb/d. That implies first unwinding the 2.2 mb/d and then the next 1.6 mb/d.

Brent would likely crash with a fast unwind of 2.2 + 1.6 mb/d by year end. If Saudi Arabia has decided on a fast unwind it would meant that the group would lift the quotas by 411 kb/d both in August and in September. It would then basically be done with the 2.2 mb/d revival. Thereafter directly embark on reviving the remaining 1.6 mb/d. That would imply a very sad end of the year for the oil price. It would then probably crash in Q4-25. But it is far from clear that this is where we are heading.

Brent needs to fall to USD 58/b or lower to make it unprofitable for Kazakhstan to cheat. To make it unprofitable for Kazakhstan to cheat. Kazakhstan is currently producing 1.77 mb/d versus its quota which before the hikes stood at 1.47 kb/d. If they had cut back to the quota level they might have gotten USD 70/b or USD 103/day. Instead they choose to keep production at 1.77 mb/d. For Saudi Arabia to make it a loss-making business for Kazakhstan to cheat the oil price needs to fall below USD 58/b ( 103/1.77).

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Analys

All eyes on OPEC V8 and their July quota decision on Saturday

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SEB - analysbrev på råvaror

Tariffs or no tariffs played ping pong with Brent crude yesterday. Brent crude traded to a joyous high of USD 66.13/b yesterday as a US court rejected Trump’s tariffs. Though that ruling was later overturned again with Brent closing down 1.2% on the day to USD 64.15/b. 

Bjarne Schieldrop, Chief analyst commodities, SEB
Bjarne Schieldrop, Chief analyst commodities, SEB

US commercial oil inventories fell 0.7 mb last week versus a seasonal normal rise of 3-6 mb. US commercial crude and product stocks fell 0.7 mb last week which is fairly bullish since the seasonal normal is for a rise of  4.3 mb. US crude stocks fell 2.8 mb, Distillates fell 0.7 mb and Gasoline stocks fell 2.4 mb.

All eyes are now on OPEC V8 (Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, UAE, Algeria, Russia, Oman, Kazakhstan) which will make a decision tomorrow on what to do with production for July. Overall they are in a process of placing 2.2 mb/d of cuts back into the market over a period stretching out to December 2026. Following an expected hike of 137 kb/d in April they surprised the market by lifting production targets by 411 kb/d for May and then an additional 411 kb/d again for June. It is widely expected that the group will decide to lift production targets by another 411 kb/d also for July. That is probably mostly priced in the market. As such it will probably not have all that much of a bearish bearish price impact on Monday if they do.

It is still a bit unclear what is going on and why they are lifting production so rapidly rather than at a very gradual pace towards the end of 2026. One argument is that the oil is needed in the market as Middle East demand rises sharply in summertime. Another is that the group is partially listening to Donald Trump which has called for more oil and a lower price. The last is that Saudi Arabia is angry with Kazakhstan which has produced 300 kb/d more than its quota with no indications that they will adhere to their quota.

So far we have heard no explicit signal from the group that they have abandoned the plan of measured increases with monthly assessments so that the 2.2 mb/d is fully back in the market by the end of 2026. If the V8 group continues to lift quotas by 411 kb/d every month they will have revived the production by the full 2.2 mb/d already in September this year. There are clearly some expectations in the market that this is indeed what they actually will do. But this is far from given. Thus any verbal wrapping around the decision for July quotas on Saturday will be very important and can have a significant impact on the oil price. So far they have been tightlipped beyond what they will do beyond the month in question and have said nothing about abandoning the ”gradually towards the end of 2026” plan. It is thus a good chance that they will ease back on the hikes come August, maybe do no changes for a couple of months or even cut the quotas back a little if needed.

Significant OPEC+ spare capacity will be placed back into the market over the coming 1-2 years. What we do know though is that OPEC+ as a whole as well as the V8 subgroup specifically have significant spare capacity at hand which will be placed back into the market over the coming year or two or three. Probably an increase of around 3.0 – 3.5 mb/d. There is only two ways to get it back into the market. The oil price must be sufficiently low so that 1) Demand growth is stronger and 2) US shale oil backs off. In combo allowing the spare capacity back into the market.

Low global inventories stands ready to soak up 200-300 mb of oil. What will cushion the downside for the oil price for a while over the coming year is that current, global oil inventories are low and stand ready to soak up surplus production to the tune of 200-300 mb.

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Analys

Brent steady at $65 ahead of OPEC+ and Iran outcomes

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SEB - analysbrev på råvaror

Following the rebound on Wednesday last week – when Brent reached an intra-week high of USD 66.6 per barrel – crude oil prices have since trended lower. Since opening at USD 65.4 per barrel on Monday this week, prices have softened slightly and are currently trading around USD 64.7 per barrel.

Ole R. Hvalbye, Analyst Commodities, SEB
Ole R. Hvalbye, Analyst Commodities, SEB

This morning, oil prices are trading sideways to slightly positive, supported by signs of easing trade tensions between the U.S. and the EU. European equities climbed while long-term government bond yields declined after President Trump announced a pause in new tariffs yesterday, encouraging hopes of a transatlantic trade agreement.

The optimisms were further supported by reports indicating that the EU has agreed to fast-track trade negotiations with the U.S.

More significantly, crude prices appear to be consolidating around the USD 65 level as markets await the upcoming OPEC+ meeting. We expect the group to finalize its July output plans – driven by the eight key producers known as the “Voluntary Eight” – on May 31st, one day ahead of the original schedule.

We assign a high probability to another sizeable output increase of 411,000 barrels per day. However, this potential hike seems largely priced in already. While a minor price dip may occur on opening next week (Monday morning), we expect market reactions to remain relatively muted.

Meanwhile, the U.S. president expressed optimism following the latest round of nuclear talks with Iran in Rome, describing them as “very good.” Although such statements should be taken with caution, a positive outcome now appears more plausible. A successful agreement could eventually lead to the return of more Iranian barrels to the global market.

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