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SEB – Råvarukommentarer, 11 mars 2013

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SEB Veckobrev med prognoser på råvaror

Rekommendationer

Bra råvaror att köpa och sälja enligt SEB

*) Avkastningen avser 1:1 råvarucertifikat där de ingår i rekommendationen. I den aktuella tabellen ovan har jag tagit prisförändringen den senaste månaden, eftersom den finns lätt tillgänglig och det är nästan en månad sedan det förra veckobrevet publicerades.

Inledning

Den korta positionen i guld och silver har gett fantatiskt hög avkastning den senaste månaden genom en rekommenderad position i BEAR GULD X4 S och BEAR SILVER X4 S. Vi tror att det finns en liten fallhöjd kvar i guld, men läget är sådant i silver att vi går ur och tar hem vinsten i BEAR SILVER X4 S.

Priset på palladium rusade i slutet av förra veckan. I fredags bröts ett motstånd. Den som är snabb kan säkerligen haka på och förmodligen göra en vinst. Detta är en mycket kortsiktig tradingrekommendation. Köp av BULL PALLAD X4 S, alltså.

Basmetallerna har fallit tillbaka med 9% den senaste veckan, vilket gör nickel och koppar – och nu även aluminium – tycker vi – ännu mer köpvärt ur ett fundamentalt perspektiv.

I fredags publicerade det amerikanska jordbruksdepartemetet sin månadsvisa uppdatering av utbuds- och efterfrågebalanserna i värdlen. Det var inga stora förändringar. Något negativt för vetet och något positivt för majs och sojabönor. Det har varit stora prisfall, som diskonterat ett väder som kanske kan bli bra. Vi tror att det stora prisfallet är bakom oss, men väljer att ligga kvar på neutral rekommendation ännu en vecka. Vi går däremot bort från rekommendationen att vara köpt BEAR RAPS X4 S.

Råvaruindex

I diagrammet nedan ser vi SEB:s råvaruindex, som följer avkastningen på en diversifierad korg av råvaruterminer. Sammansättningen är gjord med tanke på en nordisk eller europisk placerare. Indexet innehåller t ex terminer på nordisk och tysk el, men ingen amerikansk naturgas.

Indexet har slagit DJ UBS index med 8 procentenheter per år, vilket är statistiskt signifikant (p=0.11), förutom att vara tämligen ekonomiskt signifikant.

Råvaruindex den 9 mars 2013

Den som vill investera i indexet och den investeringsstrategi som ligger bakom kan läsa mer om certifikatet RAVAROR S.

Indexet har gått ner med 4% den senaste månaden. Dollarn har minskat med 1%. Den samlade värdeförändringen på RAVAROR S är -5%.

Råolja – Brent

Oljepriset har fallit ner till 110 dollar per fat. Den tekniska bilden är otydlig med både brutet tekniskt stöd och att priset just nu vilar på ett annat tekniskt stöd.

Kommande oljepris enligt teknisk analys

Lagren och lagerförändringarna i USA per den 1 mars ser vi nedan, enligt Department of Energy och American Petroleum Institute.

Lager av olja den 1 mars 2013 - DOE och API

Nedan ser vi amerikanska råoljelager enligt DOE i tusen fat. Den svarta kurvan är 2012 års lagernivåer vecka för vecka och den lilla röda linjen är 2013 års nivå. Vi ser att lagernivåerna fortsätter att vara högre än de varit sedan 2007 för den här tiden på året.

Amerikanska lager av råolja, i tusen fat

Lagren ökar samtidigt som vi ser att importen av råolja till USA fortsätter att minska.

Import av olja - USA 2013

Terminer handlas till en stabil rabatt i förhållande till spotpriset. Det innebär att det går att tjäna pengar på OLJA S, även om inte priset förändrar sig. Vi ser att denna riskpremie varit stabil det senaste året och uppgår till ca 7% på årsbasis. Jämfört med en kreditobligation som ger 7% ränta, har OLJA S fördelen att om ”något otäckt” händer i världen, t ex i Mellanöstern, leder det till att OLJA S ger högre avkastning, medan i princip allt annat som t ex aktier eller obligationer, faller i pris.

Termin olja - Roll return p.a.

Sammanfattningsvis: Vi rekommenderar köp av OLJA S, men inte av BULL OLJA S. Anledningen till denna skillnad och att vi rekommenderar köp av OLJA S är för att rabatten på terminerna innebär en stadig intäkt om ca 6% till 7% per år + ränta på kapitalet.

Elektricitet

Underliggande för SEB:s certifikat på el är nu det tredje kvartalets terminskontrakt. Det avser alltså vad det genomsnittliga spotpriset kommer att bli under juli, augusti och september. Vi ser kursdiagrammet för det senaste året nedan.

Elpris (spotpris) under 1 år 2012/2013

Nedanför ser vi prisutvecklingen för det tredje kvartalets tyska elpriskontrakt (röd) och Nord Pools tredje kvartalskontrakt (svart). Det tyska priset har rört slutat falla för två månader sedan.

Tredje kvartalets tyska elpris och Nord Pools tredje kvartalskontrakt

Den hydrologiska balansen för Nord Pools börsområde har faktiskt försvagats ytterligare, från -11.9 TWh till -14.7 TWh. Än mer intressant är att nuvarande väderprognoser är starkt högtycksinfluerade. Låga temperaturer och lite nederbörd beräknas snabbt urgröpa balansen ytterligare. Endast få veckor fram är den hela -21 TWh, ett signifikant underskott som vi anser inte helt prisats in i terminsmarknaden.

Markedskraft hydrological balance norway sweden

Sammanfattningsvis. En fortsatt god chans till högre elterminer men kolpriset är en osäkerhetsfaktor som kan hämma uppgången. Vi väljer att kvarstå vid vår long rekommendation.

Naturgas

Naturgasterminen på NYMEX (maj 2013) har handlats upp hittills i mars. Motstånd ligger precis ovanför dagens kursnivå. Vi har ingen speciell rekommendation just nu. Sidledes rörelse är mest troligt.

Naturgasterminen på NYMEX (maj 2013)

Guld och Silver

Guldpriset bröt först stödet vid 1670 dollar per ozt och sedan hände allt på en gång i fredags. Priset föll rakt genom stödet vid 1625, ända ner till 1600. Den nu aktuella prisnivån har en del stöd. Vi ser att det skedde en hel del handel på den här nivån i maj, juni och juli förra sommaren. Så det är möjligt att prisfallet hejdar sig mellan 1600 och 1550.

Teknisk prognos på guldpriset (XAU) den 11 mars 2013

Vi tycker oss känna igen dagens svaga guldmarknad och starka konjunktursignaler från flera gånger förr, senast från bottenvändningen 2008/09.

Guldprisdiagram

Nedan ser vi kursdiagrammet för silver i dollar per troy ounce. Priset ligger nära botten i en trendkanal nedåt. Nivåmässigt borde det finnas stöd på den här nivån vid 28 cent. En rekyl uppåt kan komma. Den som vill ta en kortsiktig trade på den, kan göra det. Men läget är i vart fall inte entydigt negativt i det korta perspektivet, så vi väljer att gå ur vår köpta position i BEAR SILVER X2/X4 S.

Teknisk prognos på silverpriset den 11 mars 2013

Platina & Palladium

Palladiumpriset rusar och vi tror att priset kan fortsätta göra det. Den som vågar sig på en korsiktig momentum-trade kan köpa BULL PALLAD X4 S. Platinapriset rekylerade ner i februari. I mars har priset rekylerat uppåt. Sidledes rörelse verkar mest troligt.

Prognos på palladiumpris (XPT)

Nedan ser vi priset på platina i termer av guld, eller ”växelkursen” mellan XPT och XAU, valutakoderna för de två ädelmetallerna. Platina har fortsatt att vinna på guld.

Priset på platina i termer av guld

Palladium rusade i veckan som gick och stängde veckan över tidigare toppnotering. Ett sådant momentum brukar vara lönsamt att snabbt haka på, utan att tänka allt för mycket.

Palladium rusade i veckan som gick

Basmetaller

Det har hänt en hel del – sedan det senaste veckobrevet skrevs (18 februari). Optimismen på förväntningar om ökad efterfrågan i Kina efter ledigheterna kring nyåret (det kinesiska), övergick till avtagande riskaptit och en våg av vinsthemtagningar som svepte över hela råvarufältet. Priserna har fallit tillbaka rejält. Basmetallerna är nu, om än marginellt, ner på året. Sedan topparna i februari har priserna fallit med mellan 5-10 %. Ett undantag är zink (se tidigare placeringsförslag) som håller sig bättre (oförändrad på året). Kina är väldigt avgörande för efterfrågan på basmetaller. Våra ekonomer är positiva till Kina, framför allt baserat på en fortsatt gynnsam kreditpolitik i landet. På 12 månaders sikt kvarstår bedömningen att priserna generellt har uppgångspotentialer i storleksordningen 20-30 %. De senaste veckornas vinsthemtagningar har skapat nya intressanta köptillfällen.

Koppar

Vi är dock fortsatt försiktigt inställda till kopparn. Vi följer Kinas importsiffror som en indikation på efterfrågan. Siffran i februari kom in på 298 tton (se diagram) jämfört med 350 tton i januari och 485 tton för ett år sedan. Februarisiffran bör dock tas med en nypa salt då ledigheterna i Kina påverkar rapporteringen. Icke desto mindre är trenden ganska tydlig.

Kinas kopparimport (1000-tals ton)

Kinas kopparimport i 1000-tals ton

Den tekniska bilden ger stöd till vår neutrala position. Vi är positiva till basmetaller på sikt men avvaktar bättre köptillfällen alternativt väljer någon annan basmetall. Den stora triangelformationen börjar spela ut sin roll. Stödnivåer noteras vid 7600 och 7400. Nivån 7800 fungerar nu som motstånd.

Den tekniska prisbilden för koppar

Som vi skrivit tidigare tyder mycket på ökat utbud för koppar, vilket ökar risken för en lite trögare marknad. Vi ser inte den stora potentialen på koppar på uppsidan just nu. Vi rekommenderar därför en fortsatt neutral position. För den som vill satsa på ett starkare tillväxtscenario (än konsensus) i Kina är koppar däremot alltid ett intressant alternativ.

Aluminium

Som vi skrivit tidigare ligger aluminium väldigt ”fast” i ett relativt stort handelsintervall. Nivåer kring $1800-1900 utgör ur ett kostnadsperspektiv starkt stöd. Samtidigt lägger det stora utbudet ett ”tak” på nivåer kring $2300. Den senaste uppgången i februari mötte stora säljordrar från producenter som passade på att ”låsa” framtida priser, vilket satte press på marknaden. Nu när priserna fallit tillbaka ser vi stora intressen från köpsidan (fysiska förbrukare). För den ”trading-benägne” utgör det stora spannet goda vinstmöjligheter.

P.g.a. den låga prisnivån i relation till marginalkostnaden är aluminium köpvärd och vi ansluter den till köprekommendationerna.

Teknisk prognos på aluminium den 11 mars 2013

Zink

Zinken har fått oförtjänt mycket stryk i den allmänna vinsthemtagningsvågen de senaste tre veckorna. Vi varnade för en rekyl, och den kom. Vi skrev senast att man bör vänta med nya köp till mellan $2000 och $2100. Priset har till och med fallit mer. Med tanke vår generella bedömning för basmetaller erbjuds nu ett nytt bra köptillfälle, och en andra chans att komma in i zinkmarknaden.

Priset ligger nu på stödnivån $1975. Tekniskt sett är alternativet att vänta (med risk för att missa uppgången) för att se om priset kan ta sig ner till stödnivån från trendlinjen kring $1900.

Teknisk prognos på zinkpris den 11 mars 2013

Vi rekommenderar köp av ZINK S eller BULL ZINK X2 / X4 S för den som vill ta mer risk. Vi varnade för rekylen, och nu när den skett är det köpläge igen. Priset ligger nu på stödnivån $1975.

Nickel

Efter den stora tillbakagången ser vi en tydlig stabilisering av priset. Ur ett kostnadsperspektiv börjar nickel bli en väldigt intressant köpkandidat. Marknaden är fortsatt tveksam till den fundamentala situationen. Vi har tidigare bl.a. hänvisat till kommentarer från fysiska aktörer som indikerar att ”det finns gott om nickel”, samtidigt som rapporter gör gällande att exporten av nickelmalm från Indonesien till Kina ökar igen, vilket riskerar att öka utbudet av s.k. Nickel Pig Iron i Kina (vilket i sin tur minskar efterfrågan på nickelbärande skrot och primärnickel). Det senare håller nu på att ”svänga om” då kinesiska producenter är snabba att ställa om produktionen. Det ger ett naturligt stöd till nickelmarknaden. Den tekniska bilden är väldigt tydlig med ett starkt stöd kring nuvarande nivåer. Nickel är tillsammans med zink (och från och med denna vecka även aluminium) en av de mer köpvärda metallerna för tillfället.

Teknisk prognos på nickelpriset den 11 mars 2013

Vi rekommenderar köp av NICKEL S eller BULL NICKEL X2 / X4 S för den som vill ta mer risk. Vi varnade för en rekyl, och den kom. Priset har fallit mer än ”befarat”, men är nu på väldigt attraktiva nivåer.

Kaffe

Kaffepriset (maj 2013) gick i början av månaden upp till det glidande medelvärdet, vilket triggade säljordrar. Rekylen nedåt stannade dock på 140 cent och i slutet av förra veckan steg priset återigen upp mot motståndslinjen. Det ser ut som om priset håller på att etablera en botten och konsolidera sig med den vanliga ”sidledes” rörelse som vi brukar se under sådana skeenden.

Teknisk prognos på kaffepris den 11 mars 2013

Vi fortsätter att dela den uppfattningen och tycker att man ska handla kaffe från den ”långa” sidan. Vi fortsätter därför att generellt sett rekommendera köp av KAFFE S.

Socker

Sockerpriset (maj 2013) vände upp från kontraktslägsta i mitten av februari. I torsdags rusade priset och var uppe och rörde på 19 cent, som är ett tekniskt motstånd. Om priset skulle gå över 19 cent får vi en indikation på att prisfallet kan vara över. Fredagens prisfall efter att 19 cent uppnåtts kan dock tolkas som att marknaden behöver hämta kraft för ett nytt test av 19 cent.

Sockerpris för maj 2013-terminen

Brasiliens regering vill öka användningen av etanol som drivmedel i landet. Många bilar i landet går att köra på både bensin och etanol, men priserna har varit sådana att folk har valt att tanka med bensin. Den ökade fokuseringen på etanol har fått priset att stiga, som vi ser i nedanstående diagram, som visar etanolpriset i Sao Paulo i USD per liter. Den blå linjen är priset på socker i samma delstat.

Pris på bensin och socker

Vi ser att de två linjerna tenderar att hänga ihop och en uppgång i priset på etanol kan signalera att priset på socker också kommer att stiga framöver.

Finns tecken på att priset på socker är nära botten, men än så länge är pristrenden så stark att vi väljer att behålla neutral rekommendation ytterligare en vecka.

Vi tror att en trendvändning kan vara på gång. Prisuppgången till 19 cent, ett motstånd, är ett observandum.

[box]SEB Veckobrev Veckans råvarukommentar är producerat av SEB Merchant Banking och publiceras i samarbete och med tillstånd på Råvarumarknaden.se[/box]

Disclaimer

The information in this document has been compiled by SEB Merchant Banking, a division within Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB (publ) (“SEB”).

Opinions contained in this report represent the bank’s present opinion only and are subject to change without notice. All information contained in this report has been compiled in good faith from sources believed to be reliable. However, no representation or warranty, expressed or implied, is made with respect to the completeness or accuracy of its contents and the information is not to be relied upon as authoritative. Anyone considering taking actions based upon the content of this document is urged to base his or her investment decisions upon such investigations as he or she deems necessary. This document is being provided as information only, and no specific actions are being solicited as a result of it; to the extent permitted by law, no liability whatsoever is accepted for any direct or consequential loss arising from use of this document or its contents.

About SEB

SEB is a public company incorporated in Stockholm, Sweden, with limited liability. It is a participant at major Nordic and other European Regulated Markets and Multilateral Trading Facilities (as well as some non-European equivalent markets) for trading in financial instruments, such as markets operated by NASDAQ OMX, NYSE Euronext, London Stock Exchange, Deutsche Börse, Swiss Exchanges, Turquoise and Chi-X. SEB is authorized and regulated by Finansinspektionen in Sweden; it is authorized and subject to limited regulation by the Financial Services Authority for the conduct of designated investment business in the UK, and is subject to the provisions of relevant regulators in all other jurisdictions where SEB conducts operations. SEB Merchant Banking. All rights reserved.

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Analys

[If demand] ”comes around as forecast, Hallelujah, we can produce more”

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SEB - analysbrev på råvaror

Saudi Arabia’s oil minister, Prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, last week stated at a conference in Calgary: ”I believe it when I see it. When reality comes around as it’s been forecast, Hallelujah, we can produce more” (Reuters, John Kemp). So Saudi Arabia wants to and will produce more once it is confident that there really is demand for additional crude. Saudi Arabia has good reason to be concerned for global oil demand. It is not the only one struggling to predict global demand amid the haze and turmoil in the global oil market following the Russian invasion of Ukraine and sanctions towards Russian crude and product stocks. Add a shaky Chinese housing market and the highest US rates since 2001. Estimates for global oil demand in Q4-23 are ranging from 100.6 m b/d to 104.7 m b/d with many estimates in between. Current crude and mid-dist inventories are low. Supply/demand is balanced to tight and clearly very tight for mid-dists (diesel, jet fuel, gasoil). But amid current speculative bullishness it is important to note that Saudi Arabia can undo the current upwards price journey just as quickly as it created the current bull-market as it drop in production from 10.5 m b/d in April to only 9.0 m b/d since July. Quickly resolving the current mid-dist crisis is beyond the powers of Saudi Arabia. But China could come to the rescue if increased oil product export quotas as it holds spare refining capacity. 

Bjarne Schieldrop, Chief analyst commodities at SEB
Bjarne Schieldrop, Chief analyst commodities, SEB

The oil market is well aware that the main reasons for why oil has rallied 25% over the past months is  reduced production by Saudi Arabia and Russia, global oil demand holding up better than feared together with still declining US shale oil activity. US oil drilling rig count fell by 8 rigs last week to 507 rigs which is the lowest since Feb 2022.

The big question is how strong is global oil demand and how will it hold up or even maybe increase in the coming quarters? And here the spread of estimates are still all over the place. For Q4-23 we have the following range of estimates for global oil demand in m b/d: 100.6; 101.8; 103.1; 103.2 and 104.7 from main oil market research providers. This wide spread of estimates is mindbogglingly and head-scratching both for analysts and for oil producers. It leads to a wide spread in estimates for Call-on-OPEC. Some say the current market is in a 2-3 m b/d deficit while others calculate that the global oil market today is nicely balanced.

The sanctions towards Russian crude and oil product exports with a ban on imports to the EU and UK has led to a large reshuffling of the global oil market flows which again has created a haze through which it is hard to gauge the correct state of the global oil market. 

We have previously argued that there may be a significant amount of ”pent-up-demand” following the Covid-years with potential for global oil demand to surprise on the upside versus most demand forecasts. But there are also good reasons to be cautious to demand given Chinese property market woes and the highest US interest rates since 2001!

The uncertainty in global oil demand is clearly at the heart of Saudi Arabia’s production cuts since April this year. Saudi Arabia’s Energy Minister, Prince Abulaziz bin Salman, last week stated at a conference in Calgary: ”I believe it when I see it. When reality comes around as it’s been forecast, Hallelujah, we can produce more” (Reuters, John Kemp).

So if it turns out that demand is indeed stronger than Saudi Arabia fears, then we should see increased production from Saudi Arabia. Saudi could of course then argue that yes, it is stronger than expected right now, but tomorrow may be worse. Also, the continued decline in US oil drilling rig count is a home-free card for continued low production from Saudi Arabia.

Both crude stocks and mid-dist stocks (diesel, jet fuel, gasoil) are still significantly below normal and the global oil market is somewhere between balanced, mild deficit or large deficit (-2-3 m b/d). The global oil market is as such stressed due to low inventories and potentially in either mild or large deficit on top. The latter though can be undone by higher production from Saudi Arabia whenever it chooses to do so.

What is again getting center stage are the low mid-dist stocks ahead of winter. The war in Ukraine and the sanctions towards Russian crude and product stocks created chaos in the global oil product market. Refining margins went crazy last year. But they are still crazy. The global refining system got reduced maintenance in 2020 and 2021 due to Covid-19 and low staffing. Following decades of mediocre margins and losses, a lot of older refineries finally decided to close down for good during Covid as refining margins collapsed as the world stopped driving and flying. The global refining capacity contracted in 2021 for the first time in 30 years as a result. Then in 2022 refining margins exploded along with reviving global oil demand and the invasion of Ukraine. Refineries globally then ran  as hard as they could, eager to make money, and reduced maintenance to a minimum for a third year in a row. Many refineries are now prone for technical failures following three years of low maintenance. This is part of the reason why mid-dist stocks struggle to rebuild. The refineries which can run however are running as hard as they can. With current refining margins they are pure money machines.

Amid all of this, Russia last week imposed an export ban for gasoline and diesel products to support domestic consumers with lower oil product prices. Russia normally exports 1.1 m b/d of diesel products and 0.2 m b/d of gasoline. The message is that it is temporary and this is also what the market expects. Russia has little oil product export storage capacity. The export ban will likely fill these up within a couple of weeks. Russia will then either have to close down refineries or restart its oil product exports.

The oil market continues in a very bullish state with stress both in crude and mid-dists. Speculators continues to roll into the market with net long positions in Brent crude and WTI increasing by 29 m b over the week to last Tuesday. Since the end of June it has increased from 330 m b to now 637 m b. Net-long speculative positions are now at the highest level in 52 weeks.

The market didn’t believe Saudi Arabia this spring when it warned speculators about being too bearish on oil and that they would burn their fingers. And so they did. After having held production at 9 m b/d since July, the market finally believes in Saudi Arabia. But the market still doesn’t quite listen when Saudi says that its current production is not about driving the oil price to the sky (and beyond). It’s about concerns for global oil demand amid many macro economic challenges. It’s about being preemptive versus weakening demand. The current oil rally can thus be undone by Saudi Arabia just as it was created by Saudi Arabia. The current refinery stress is however beyond the powers of Saudi Arabia. But China could come to the rescue as it holds spare refining capacity. It could increase export quotas for oil products and thus alleviate global mid-dist shortages. The first round effect of this would however be yet stronger Chinese crude oil imports. 

Brent crude and ARA diesel refining premiums/margins. It is easy to see when Russia invaded Ukraine. Diesel margins then exploded. The market is not taking the latest Russian export ban on diesel and gasoline too seriously. Not very big moves last week.

Brent crude and ARA diesel refining premiums/margins
Source: SEB graph and calculations, Blbrg data

ARA mid-dist margins still exceptionally high at USD 35-40/b versus a more normal USD 12-15/b. We are now heading into the heating season, but the summer driving season is fading and so are gasoline margins.

ARA refinary crack margin
Source: SEB graph and calculations, Blbrg data

ARA mid-dist margins still exceptionally high at USD 35-40/b versus a more normal USD 12-15/b. Here same graph as above but with longer perspective to show how extreme the situation is.

ARA refinary crack
Source: SEB graph and calculations, Blbrg data

US crude and product stocks vs. the 2015-19 average. Very low mid-dist stocks.

US crude and product stocks vs. the 2015-19 average
Source: SEB graph and calculations, Blbrg data

Speculators are rolling into long positions. Now highest net long spec in 52 weeks.

Speculators are rolling into long positions
Source: SEB graph and calculations, Blbrg data
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Analys

The ”normal” oil price is USD 97/b

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SEB - analysbrev på råvaror

The Dated Brent crude oil price ydy closed at USD 96/b. Wow, that’s a high price! This sensation however depends on what you think is ”normal”. And normal in the eyes of most market participants today is USD 60/b. But this perception is probably largely based on the recent experience of the market. The average Brent crude oil price from 2015-2019 was USD 58.5/b. But that was a period of booming non-OPEC supply, mostly shale oil. But booming shale oil supply is now increasingly coming towards an end. Looking more broadly at the last 20 years the nominal average price was USD 75/b. But in inflation adjusted terms it was actually USD 97/b.

Bjarne Schieldrop, Chief analyst commodities at SEB
Bjarne Schieldrop, Chief analyst commodities, SEB

Saudi Arabia’s oil minister, Abdulaziz bin Salman, yesterday stated that its production cuts was not about driving the price up but instead it was preemptive versus the highly uncertain global economic development. In that respect it has a very good point. The US 2yr government bond rate has rallied to 5.06% which is the highest since 2006 and just a fraction away of being the highest since December 2000. The Chinese property market is struggling and global PMIs have been downhill since mid-2021 with many countries now at contractive, sub-50 level. Thus a deep concern for the health of the global economy and thus oil demand going forward is absolutely warranted. And thus the preemptive production cuts by Saudi Arabia. But killing the global economy off while it is wobbling with an oil price of USD 110-120/b or higher is of course not a smart thing to do either.

At the same conference in Canada yesterday the CEO of Aramco, Amin H. Nasser, said that he expected global oil demand to reach 110 m b/d in 2030 and that talk about a near term peak in global oil demand was ”driven by policies, rather than the proven combination of markets, competitive economics and technology” (Reuters).

With a demand outlook of 110 m b/d in 2030 the responsible thing to do is of course to make sure that the oil price stays at a level where investments are sufficient to cover both decline in existing production as well as future demand growth.

In terms of oil prices we tend to think about recent history and also in nominal terms. Most market participants are still mentally thinking of the oil prices we have experienced during the shale oil boom years from 2015-2019. The average nominal Brent crude price during that period was USD 58.5/b. This is today often perceived as ”the normal price”. But it was a very special period with booming non-OPEC supply whenever the WTI price moved above USD 45/b. But that period is increasingly behind us. While we could enjoy fairly low oil prices during this period it also left the world with a legacy: Subdued capex spending in upstream oil and gas all through these years. Then came the Covid-years which led to yet another trough in capex spending. We are soon talking close to 9 years of subdued capex spending.

If Amin H. Nasser is ballpark correct in his prediction that global oil demand will reach 110 m b/d in 2030 then the world should better get capex spending rolling. There is only one way to make that happen: a higher oil price. If the global economy now runs into an economic setback or recession and OPEC allows the oil price to drop to say USD 50/b, then we’d get yet another couple of years with subdued capex spending on top of the close to 9 years with subdued spending we already have behind us. So in the eyes of Saudi Arabia, Amin H. Nasser and Abdulaziz bin Salman, the responsible thing to do is to make sure that the oil price stays up at a sufficient level to ensure that capex spending stays up even during an economic downturn.

This brings us back to the question of what is a high oil price. We remember the shale oil boom years with an average nominal price of USD 58.5/b. We tend to think of it as the per definition ”normal” price. But we should instead think of it as the price depression period. A low-price period during which non-OPEC production boomed. Also, adjusting it for inflation, the real average price during this period was actually USD 72.2/b and not USD 58.5/b. If we however zoom out a little and look at the last 20 years then we get a nominal average of USD 75/b. The real, average inflation adjusted price over the past 20 years is however USD 97/b. The Dated Brent crude oil price yesterday closed at USD 96/b.

Worth noting however is that for such inflation adjustment to make sense then the assumed cost of production should actually rise along with inflation and as such create a ”rising floor price” to oil based on rising real costs. If costs in real terms instead are falling due to productivity improvements, then such inflation adjusted prices will have limited bearing for future prices. What matters more specifically is the development of real production costs for non-OPEC producers and the possibility to ramp up such production. Environmental politics in OECD countries is of course a clear limiting factor for non-OPEC oil production growth and possibly a much more important factor than the production cost it self.  

But one last note on the fact that Saudi Arabia’s energy minister, Abdulaziz bin Salman, is emphasizing that the cuts are preemptive rather then an effort to drive the oil price to the sky while Amin H. Nasser is emphasizing that we need to be responsible. It means that if it turns out that the current cuts have indeed made the global oil market too tight with an oil price spiraling towards USD 110-120/b then we’ll highly likely see added supply from Saudi Arabia in November and December rather than Saudi sticking to 9.0 m b/d. This limits the risk for a continued unchecked price rally to such levels.

Oil price perspectives. We tend to think that the nominal average Brent crude oil price of USD 58.5/b during the shale oil boom years from 2015-19 is per definition the ”normal” price. But that period is now increasingly behind us. Zoom out a little to the real, average, inflation adjusted price of the past 20 years and we get USD 97/b. In mathematical terms it is much more ”normal” than the nominal price during the shale oil boom years 

The new normal oil price
Source: SEB graph and calculations, Bloomberg data feed.

Is global oil demand about to peak 1: OECD and non-OECD share of global population

OECD and non-OECD share of global population
Source: SEB graph and calculations, UN population data

Is global oil demand about to peak 2: Oil demand per capita per year

Oil demand per capita per year
Source: SEB graph and calculations, BP oil data
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Analys

USD 100/b in sight but oil product demand may start to hurt

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Some crude oil grades have already traded above USD 100/b. Tapis last week at USD 101.3/b. Dated Brent is trading at USD 95.1/b. No more than some market noise is needed to drive it above USD 100/b. But a perceived and implied oil market deficit of 1.5 to 2.5 m b/d may be closer to balance than a deficit. And if so the reason is probably that oil product demand is hurting. Refineries are running hard. They are craving for crude and converting it to oil products. Crude stocks in US, EU16 and Japan fell 23 m b in August as a result of this and amid continued restraint production by Saudi/Russia. But oil product stocks rose 20.3 m b with net draws in crude and products of only 2.7 m b for these regions. Thus indicating more of a balanced market than a deficit. Naturally there has been strong support for crude prices while oil product refinery margins have started to come off. Saudi/Russia is in solid control of the market. Both crude and product stocks are low while the market is either in deficit or at best in balance. So there should be limited down side price risk. But oil product demand is likely to hurt more if Brent crude rises to USD 110-120/b and such a price level looks excessive.

Bjarne Schieldrop, Chief analyst commodities at SEB
Bjarne Schieldrop, Chief analyst commodities, SEB

Crude oil prices have been on a relentless rise since late June when it became clear that Saudi Arabia would keep its production at 9 m b/d not just in July but also in August. Then later extended to September and then lately to the end of the year. On paper this has placed the market into a solid deficit. Total OPEC production was 27.8 m b/d in August and likely more or less the same in September. OPEC estimates that the need for oil from OPEC in Q3-23 is 29.2 m b/d which places the global market in a 1.4 m b/d deficit when OPEC produces 27.8 m b/d.

The proof of the pudding is of course that inventories actually draws down when there is a deficit. A 1.4 m b/d of deficit for 31 days in August implies a global inventory draw of 43.4 m b/d. If we assume that OECD countries accounts for 46% of global oil demand then OECD could/should have had a fair share of inventory rise of say 20 m b in August. Actual inventory data are however usually a lagging set of data so we have to work with sub sets of data being released on a higher frequency. And non-OECD demand and inventory data are hard to come by.

If we look at oil inventory data for US, EU16 and Japan we see that crude stocks fell 23 m b in August while product stocks rose 20.3 m b with a total crude and product draw of only 2.7 m b. I.e. indicating close to a balanced market in August rather than a big deficit. But it matters that crude stocks fell 23 m b. That is a tight crude market where refineries are craving and bidding for crude oil together with speculators who are buying paper-oil. So refineries worked hard to buy crude oil and converting it to oil products in August. But these additional oil products weren’t gobbled up by consumers but instead went into inventories.

Rising oil product inventories is of course  a good thing since these inventories in general are low. And also oil product stocks are low. The point is more that the world did maybe not run a large supply/demand deficit of 1.5 to 2.5 m b/d in August but rather had a more balanced market. A weaker oil product demand than anticipated would then likely be the natural explanation for this. Strong refinery demand for crude oil, crude oil inventory draws amid a situation where crude inventories already are low is of course creating an added sense of bullishness for crude oil.

On the one hand strong refinery demand for crude oil has helped to drive crude oil prices higher amid continued production cuts by Saudi Arabia. Rising oil product stocks have on the other hand eased the pressure on oil products and thus softened the oil product refinery margins.

The overall situation is that Saudi Arabia together with Russia are in solid control of the oil market. Further that the global market is either balanced or in deficit and that both crude and product stocks are still low. Thus we have a tight market both in terms of supplies and inventories. So there should be limited downside in oil prices. We are highly likely to see Dated Brent moving above USD 100/b. It is now less than USD 5/b away from that level and only noise is needed to bring it above. Tupis crude oil in Asia traded at USD 101.3/b last week. So some crude benchmarks are already above the USD 100/b mark.

While Dated Brent looks set to hit USD 100/b in not too long we are skeptical with respect to further price rises to USD 110-120/b as oil product demand likely increasingly would start to hurt. Unless of course if we get some serious supply disruptions. But Saudi Arabia now has several million barrels per day of reserve capacity as it today only produces 9.0 m b/d. Thus disruptions can be countered. Oil product demand, oil product cracks and oil product inventories is a good thing to watch going forward. An oil price of USD 85-95/b is probably much better than USD 110-120/b for a world where economic activity is likely set to slow rather than accelerate following large interest rate hikes over the past 12-18 months.

OPEC’s implied call-on-OPEC crude oil. If OPEC’s production stays at 27.8 m b/d throughout Q3-23 and Q4-23 then OPECs numbers further strong inventory draws to the end of the year.

OPEC's implied call-on-OPEC crude oil.
Source: SEB graph and calculations. Call-on-OPEC as calculated by OPEC in its Sep report.

Net long speculative positions in Brent crude and WTI. Speculators have joined the price rally since end of June.

Graph of net long speculative positions in Brent crude and WTI.
Source: SEB calculations and graph, Blbrg data

End of month crude and product stocks in m b in EU16, US and Japan. Solid draw in crude stocks but also solid rise in product stocks. In total very limited inventory draw. Refineries ran hard to convert crude to oil products but these then went straight into inventories alleviating low oil product inventories there.

End of month crude and product stocks
Source: SEB table, Argus data

ARA oil product refinery margins have come off their highs for all products as the oil product situation has eased a bit. Especially so for gasoline with now fading summer driving. But also HFO 3.5% cracks have eased back a little bit. But to be clear, diesel cracks and mid-dist cracks are still exceptionally high. And even gasoline crack down to USD 17.6/b is still very high this time of year.

ARA oil product refinery margins
Source: SEB graph and calculations

ARA diesel cracks in USD/b. Very, very high in 2022. Almost normal in Apr and May. Now very high vs. normal though a little softer than last year.

ARA diesel cracks in USD/b.
Source: SEB graph and calculations, Blbrg data

US crude and product stocks vs. 2015-2019 average. Still very low mid-dist inventories (diesel) and also low crude stocks but not all that low gasoline inventories.

US crude and product stocks vs. 2015-2019 average.
Source: SEB graph and calculations, Blbrg data feed

US crude and product stocks vs. 2015-2019 averages. Mid-dist stocks have stayed persistently low while gasoline stocks suddenly have jumped as gasoline demand seems to have started to hurt due to higher prices.

US crude and product stocks vs. 2015-2019 averages.
Source: SEB calculations and graph, Blbrg data feed.

Total commercial US crude and product stocks in million barrels. Rising lately. If large, global deficit they should have been falling sharply. Might be a blip?

Total commercial US crude and product stocks in million barrels.
Source: SEB graph and calculations, Blbrg data feed, EIA data
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