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Crude oil – It’s a (hybrid) market share war

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Rebound after a very bearish day as US inventories declines further. Last week Brent crude broke down below USD 75/b. And it didn’t take long before the heralded production increase was shifted out two months to instead start in December. This however, was far from enough to halt the oil price sell-off where Brent crude traded down to USD 68.68/b (-4.4%) before closing the day at USD 69.19/b (-3.7%). The market was gripped with bearish demand fears and there were hardly any bullish voices to be heard. This morning Brent is rebounding 1.5% to USD 70.25/b. US inventories likely continued to decline last week by around 3 mb according to indics by API in an extension of steady declines since mid-June. Russia and other OPEC+ members complied better to quota targets in August.

Bjarne Schieldrop, Chief analyst commodities, SEB
Bjarne Schieldrop, Chief analyst commodities, SEB

A (hybrid) market share war. A fight over market share between OPEC+ and non-OPEC+ is indeed a key element of the latest turmoil in the oil market. And not the least unclarity over how exactly the group is going to execute its long heralded production increase. But the group partially showed its cards last week when it modified its plan to hike production almost immediately after Brent crude fell below USD 75/b last week.

This is very different from 2014/15. OPEC+ is clearly set to return volumes to the market. But this looks very different from 2014/15 when OPEC simply flooded the market with oil and crashed the price. This time around the group is behaving more like a central bank. In June they laid out and communicated to the market their plan to return 2.2 m b/d of voluntary cuts to the market. Gradually lifting production from Q4-2024 to Q3-2025. They communicated this long time in advance of when the actual production increase is supposed to take place. At first it shocked the market and Saudi Arabia was forced to soften the message with ifs and buts. Saying that the plan will be adaptable to market circumstances once we actually get to Q4-2024. Though without being too specific about it. And now we are very, very close to Q4. The market is hit by China weakness as well as a bit of unclarity over the ”new” strategy of OPEC+. The oil price tanks.

They will lift production by 2.2 mb/d but it will take longer time. We do believe that OPEC+ will indeed lift production by 2.2 m b/d as stated but that they will spend more time doing it and also that they will have to accept a somewhat lower price to get it done. If nothing else they need to lift production back towards more normal levels in order to be in a position to cut again when the next crisis occur. Just like central banks needs to lift interest rates in order to be positioned to cut the yet again.

Not all bearish. Here are some bullish elements. Amid all the bearish concerns which is gripping the market currently here is a list of supportive elements.

1) OPEC+ modified its production increase plan the moment Brent fell below USD 75/b. More modifications to come if needed in our view.

2) Better compliance by OPEC+ members in August with Russia now very close to production quota-target.

3) US oil inventories have fallen steadily and counter seasonally since mid-June and likely fell another 3 mb last week (crude and products) according to indic. by API. Global floating crude oil stocks have declined by close to 50 mb since a peak in mid-June.

4) VLCC freight rates from the Middle East to China are ticking higher. Probably a sign of increased appetite for oil imports.

5) US EIA yesterday reduced its US crude oil production forecast marginally lower along with a slightly lower price forecast.

Deep rooted market concerns at the moment are about fear for coming surplus with predictions that the market will flip to surplus some time in November and December. Thus no surplus as of yet. Though Chinese weakness is apparent to be seen.

An oil price of USD 75/b in 2025 will likely give OPEC+ what it wants. A somewhat lower oil price (SEB 2024 Brent average forecast is USD 75/b) will be very positive for the global economy, lower inflation, lower interest rates, higher oil demand growth down the road and also further dampening of US shale oil production growth. A WTI crude oil price of around USD 70/b will likely also stimulated the US government to buy more oil to refill its Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR) which were heavily depleted in 2022/23. All good things for OPEC+ and its ability to place 2.2 mb/d of oil back into the market.

Analys

OPEC takes center stage, but China’s recovery remains key

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After gaining USD 2.6 per barrel from Tuesday until midday Wednesday, Brent crude prices lost momentum yesterday evening, plunging by USD 2 per barrel to the current level of USD 72.3 per barrel. This marked a significant and counterintuitive move just hours ahead of today’s OPEC+ meeting at 12:00 PM CEST, where the market largely anticipates a rollover agreement. OPEC+ is expected to maintain its current supply cuts, refraining from adding additional volumes to the market for now.

Ole R. Hvalbye, Analyst Commodities, SEB
Ole R. Hvalbye, Analyst Commodities, SEB

The USD 2 per barrel drop was partly driven by a single market player – a U.S. bank – that sold a massive volume of U.S. oil futures during the evening (CEST), pushing prices lower and leaving traders scrambling to interpret the rationale. According to Reuters, the unidentified bank sold over USD 270 million worth of U.S. oil futures.

The market consensus is now that OPEC+ is likely to extend its most recent round of production cuts by at least three months starting in January. This move would provide additional support to the oil market, even though OPEC+ had hoped to gradually phase out supply cuts next year. For now, there appears to be little room for additional OPEC+ volumes in a market still grappling with weak demand.

At 16:30 CEST yesterday, the oil market received a bullish U.S. inventory report. Commercial crude oil inventories (excl. the SPR) fell by a substantial 5.1 million barrels to 423.4 million barrels, about 5% below the five-year average for this time of year. This decline was a stark contrast to the API’s earlier forecast of a 1.2-million-barrel build in crude inventories.

For gasoline, inventories increased by 2.4 million barrels (API forecast: +4.6 million) but remain 4% below the five-year average. Distillate (diesel) fuel inventories rose by 3.4 million barrels (API forecast: +1 million) but are still 5% below the five-year average.

U.S. crude oil refinery inputs averaged 16.9 million barrels per day, up 615,000 barrels per day from the previous week. While refineries operated at 93.3% of their capacity. Gasoline production declined to 9.5 million barrels per day, while distillate fuel production increased to 5.3 million barrels per day.

Over the past four weeks, total products supplied – a proxy for implied demand – averaged 20.4 million barrels per day, a 4.0% increase compared to the same period last year. Key metrics include gasoline demand at 8.8 million barrels per day, up 2.8%; distillate demand at 3.7 million barrels per day, consistent with last year; and jet fuel demand up 7.1% year-over-year.

Overall, the report was bullish, reinforcing expectations of a tightening market.

Attention now shifts to OPEC+, geopolitics (including the Russia-Ukraine conflict, Middle East tensions, and Iranian sanctions), and global demand, particularly in China. Weak demand in China throughout 2024 pushed global oil prices downward, especially in the second half of the year. However, we believe the narrative is shifting(!)

China appears to be stabilizing and showing signs of recovery. Manufacturing PMI has ticked higher, and the economic surprise index has also improved. As the world’s largest oil importer, China turning the corner is a significant positive development. This strengthens our view of limited downside risks to oil prices as we head into 2025. While caution remains warranted, we continue to favor a long position on Brent crude.

US DOE inventories
US crude and products
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Analys

Further US sanctions on Iran spark largest oil price surge in three weeks

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Since yesterday morning, Brent crude prices have climbed by ish USD 2 per barrel, recovering to the current level of USD 73.9 per barrel. This represents a significant price movement over a short period and marks the largest such increase since mid-November.

Ole R. Hvalbye, Analyst Commodities, SEB
Ole R. Hvalbye, Analyst Commodities, SEB

Market whispers suggest that OPEC+ is likely to announce a deal to further delay the planned supply increase during their meeting scheduled for tomorrow (December 5th). Concerns about weaker global demand in the coming year leave little room for additional OPEC+ supply, compelling the cartel to exercise patience in its efforts to regain market share.

Adding to the upward pressure on crude prices, the U.S. has escalated its sanctions on Iran, targeting the country’s vital oil sector – a critical source of revenue.

Yesterday (December 3rd), the U.S. imposed sanctions on 35 entities and vessels associated with Iran’s ”shadow fleet,” which secretly transports Iranian oil. These operations rely on fraudulent practices such as falsified documentation, manipulated tracking systems, and frequent changes of ship names and flags. This move builds upon earlier sanctions, including those introduced in October this year, which restricted transactions involving Iranian petroleum and petrochemical products.

According to the U.S. Department of State, the latest measures aim to further disrupt Iran’s ability to finance activities deemed destabilizing in the Middle East, including its nuclear program and support for regional proxies.

From a market perspective, Iran’s crude oil and condensate exports reached roughly 1.7 million barrels per day in May 2024, the highest level in five years. China, as Iran’s largest importer, accounted for ish 490k barrels per day of these exports in 2023. The newly imposed sanctions could lead to a substantial reduction in Iran’s oil exports, potentially cutting up to 1 million barrels per day, depending on the enforcement’s strictness and global compliance.

Iranian crude exports to China have increased this year, but the sanctions may compel Chinese firms to reduce or halt purchases to avoid U.S. penalties. This would likely drive a search for alternative crude sources to sustain China’s refining operations, thereby adding further support to the current upward pressure on crude prices. This, together with the likelihood of OPEC+ continuing to delay their planned production increase, reinforces our view of limited downside risks to prices in the near term – caution remains reasonable, and we continue to favor a cautiously long position.

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Analys

Crude prices steady amid OPEC+ uncertainty and geopolitical calm

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Since last Friday’s opening at USD 73.1 per barrel, Brent crude prices have steadily declined over the weekend, with further losses on Monday afternoon following a brief recovery that saw prices approach USD 73 per barrel. As of this morning (Tuesday), Brent crude is inching upward again, currently trading at USD 72.2 per barrel. Over the past week, implied volatility has dropped to its lowest levels in roughly two months, as the upward momentum observed since mid-November has temporarily stalled.

Ole R. Hvalbye, Analyst Commodities, SEB
Ole R. Hvalbye, Analyst Commodities, SEB

On a bearish note, reduced geopolitical uncertainty in the Middle East has contributed to easing the risk premium in oil prices. Israel has signaled its intention to uphold the current ceasefire despite launching airstrikes in Lebanon in response to Hezbollah’s first attack under the truce. While this de-escalation has softened prices, the attacks during the ceasefire highlight that tensions in the region are far from resolved. This persistent instability will likely remain a source of uncertainty for oil markets in the weeks ahead.

On the bullish side, the OPEC+ supply meeting, rescheduled to Thursday, December 5th, looms. Additionally, expectations are building for increased Chinese stimulus measures, potentially to be unveiled at the Chinese Central Economic Work Conference next Wednesday. This closed-door meeting is expected to outline key economic targets and stimulus plans for 2025, which could provide fresh support for Chinese oil demand.

From a supply perspective, OPEC+ has added to market uncertainty by postponing its meeting, initially planned for Sunday, December 1st. The group will decide whether to reintroduce production cuts or proceed with a scheduled supply increase of 180,000 barrels per day. Current market sentiment suggests that OPEC+ is unlikely to rush into restoring production, reflecting cautiousness amid subdued global demand and concerns about a potential supply glut in 2024.

Market participants and traders widely anticipate that the cartel will maintain its wait-and-see approach to avoid worsening the fragile market balance. Such cautiousness could lend support to prices as the new year approaches. We believe OPEC+ is acutely aware of the risks associated with oversupplying the market and will likely act to stabilize prices rather than jeopardize them.

Looking ahead, fundamentals such as U.S. inventory levels, geopolitical developments, and OPEC+ decisions will remain key drivers of the crude oil market. These factors will shape the outlook as we move into the final weeks of 2024 and entering 2025.

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