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Analys

SEB – Råvarukommentarer vecka 24 2012

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SEB Banken - Veckans råvarukommentarer - Prognoser

Sammanfattning: Denna vecka

  • Brett råvaruindex: +0,02 %
    UBS Bloomberg CMCI TR Index
  • Energi: +0,45 %
    UBS Bloomberg CMCI Energy TR Index
  • Ädelmetaller:+ 2,06 %
    UBS Bloomberg CMCI Precious Metals TR Index
  • Industrimetaller: +1,23 %
    UBS Bloomberg CMCI Industrial Metals TR Index
  • Jordbruk: -1,67 %
    UBS Bloomberg CMCI Agriculture TR Index

Kortsiktig marknadsvy:

  • Guld: Neutral/köp
  • Olja: Neutral/köp
  • Koppar: Sälj
  • Majs: Sälj
  • Vete: Neutral
  • Sojabönor: Sälj

Guld

Prisutveckling på guld under 1,5 år

Vi tycker att man ska vara köpt guld. Förra helgen fick Spanien det lån marknaden länge fruktat men samtidigt hoppats på för att stötta landets krisande banksektor. Lånet uppgick till 100 mdr euro. Guldet reagerade positivt på stimulanspaketet och har stigit två procent under veckan.

Kreditvärderingsinstitutet Fitch sänkte betyget för 18 spanska banker och Moody´s sänkte landets långfristiga kreditbetyg till Baa3 från A3. Igår handlade landets räntor på de högsta nivåerna under euro-tiden. Tioårsräntan steg till 6,99 procent. Stigande räntor i Spanien ökar farhågan att Spanien måste söka ett mer omfattande stöd. Guldet steg åter något på torsdagen då både räntan på tysklands Bund (10-åriga statsobligation) och tyska CDS:er (säkerheter mot en statskonkurs) steg. Brist på förtroende för tyska statspapper är mycket oroande för marknaden.

Oroade blickar riktas även mot Italien som också tyngs att höga räntor. Italiens premiärminister deklarerade dock tydligt i veckan att Italien inte kommer att behöva något räddningspaket eftersom stimulans av tillväxten och ett minskat underskott finns på den italienska agendan.

Råvarubörsen CME minskade marginalkraven för guldterminer med 10 procent i slutet av maj. Sänkningen gav ett visst stöd åt guldpriset men var samtidigt förväntad eftersom marginalkraven är proportionella mot volatilitet och prisnivå. Ökar eller minskar de faktorerna ökar eller minska kraven.

Världens största fysiska guld ETF, SPDR, har sett utflöden för första gången på tre veckor och fonden innehåller nu 1 274,37 ton. Efterfrågan på US Mint coin är fortsatt svag med 53000 ozt i maj (1 troy ounce = ca 31 gram) mot 107 000 ozt i maj 2011.

”Ödesvalet” i Grekland på söndag är en stor osäkerhetsfaktor och vinner den koalition som önskar riva upp besparingskrav kan landet tvingas att lämna euron och osäkerheten om guldet kommer att regera med övriga risktillgångar eller snarare som en säker hamn i orostider är stor.

Teknisk analys: Stadigt högre, igen. Efter en lika oväntad som stor sättning från toppen den sjätte juni har marknaden så sakteliga envist arbetat sig tillbaka upp till de tidigare toppnivåerna. Detta visar med all tydlighet, tycker vi, att nedgången ska etiketteras korrektiv. Det underliggande vågmönstret är också fortsatt positivt varför vi räknar med ytterligare uppgång den närmaste tiden.

Prognos på guldpris den 15 juni 2012

Olja

Prisutveckling på olja tom den 15 juni 2012

Opec´s 12 medlemsländer höll möte igår i Wien. Saudiarabien har inför mötet begärt en ökning av kartellens produktionsmål som i dagsläget motsvarar 30 miljoner fat per dag., något som går stick i stäv med Opec´s irakiske ordförandes önskningar. Saudiarabien har genom en rekordhög produktion (högsta sedan 1980-talet), verbala påtryckningar fått ner oljepriset till önskvärda100 dollar. Inför mötet har man emellertid taktiskt minskat oljeproduktionen för att undgå kritik för att man producerar mer än tilldelade kvoter. Fortsätter produktionen på aktuell nivå kommer marknaden ha ett överskott på olja under det tredje och fjärde kvartalet i år.

Oförändrade produktionskvoter ger stöd åt oljepriset vilket gynnar de mindre oljeproducerande länderna som haft inkomstbortfall p.g.a. det prisfall vi sett nyligen. Brentpriset föll i veckan till 97,14 dollar, den lägsta nivån sedan januari 2011.

Iran, Venezuela och Angola önskar se ett lägre tak för produktionskvoter. Många länder behöver ett pris på 100 dollar för att kunna balansera sina statsbudgetar.

Saudiarabien är mån om att undvika ett stigande oljepris från en högre säsongsrelaterad efterfrågan och ett från EU:s sida Iranskt embargo som träder ikraft den 1:a juli. Saudiarabien är mycket oroligt för Irans kärnvapenenergiprogram och man vill indirekt inte gynna landet med ett högre oljepris.

Opec behöll emellertid produktionstaket på 30 miljoner fat per dag

Spekulativa positioner i Brent har sjunkit till de lägsta nivåerna sedan november 2011. Efter gårdagen Opec möte är vi neutrala till svagt positiva till ett högre pris men helgens val i Grekland utgör även här en stor osäkerhet. Den tekniska bilden ser emellertid negativ ut.

Teknisk analys: Pass upp för falluckan! Efter en mindre korrektiv uppgång är vi nu redan på väg ner igen. Området runt 96 är av stor vikt och ett brott riskerar att utlösa ytterligare ett ras ned mot 80/85.

Prognos för pris på olja den 15 juni 2012

Koppar

Prisutveckling på koppar under 1,5 år

Kopparpriset fann i bättre än förväntad japansk statistik där maskinordrar, d.v.s. beställningar av maskiner inom industrin, långt överträffade analytikers förväntningar. Kopparn fann även stöd i en ökad kinesisk kopparimport och Shanghaibörsens lager nu är på de lägsta nivåerna sedan januari.

Vi har sett bra statistik från Kina. Exporten för maj växte med 15,3 procent i årstakt vilket var mer än en fördubbling av analytikers förväntan och mer än tre gånger ökningstakten i april.

Kinesiskt konsumentprisindex (inflation) föll något mer än förväntat vilket öppnar upp för möjligheter till ytterligare stimulanser från kinesiska myndigheter vilket ger stöd åt kopparn. Fed ledamöter i USA inleder den 19:e juni ett tvådagarsmöte och skulle man ge marknaden förhoppningar om ytterligare stimulanser kommer detta att påverka kopparn positivt. USA är världens andra största kopparkonsument.

Efter att förra veckan ha varit nära sexmånaderslägsta har kopparpriset nu stigit med 2,6 procent. Framförallt har den positiva statistiken från Kina bidragit.

Valet i Grekland på söndag är en stor osäkerhetsfaktor även för kopparn och en eskalering av krisen i Europa med ett Grekiskt euroutträde kan avsevärt minska riskapptiten. Oron växer även kring Cypern vars ekonomi är tätt sammankopplad med den grekiska. Aktiviteten i marknaden är generellt låg inför valet.

Teknisk analys: På väg mot trend nacklinjen. Inte mycket har hänt sedan förra veckan. En viss stabilisering har dock inträtt men denna bör ses som temporär, en paus i nedåttrenden. Väl avklarad tar vi nästa steg ned emot nacklinjen (av den potentiella huvud skuldra toppformationen).

Prognos för pris på koppar - 15 juni 2012

Majs

Prisutveckling på majs under 1,5 år

Priset på decembermajs fortsätter sin negativa trend som marknaden haft sedan september förra året. Vi fortsätter at räkna med lägre priser och tror att priset kommer att bryta 500 cent för att sedan fortsätta ner.

USDA höjde produktionsestimatet för 2012/13. Rapporten räknar även med att utgående majslager ökar. Efterfrågan från Kina och andra tillväxtländer samt efterfrågan på majs till etanoltillverkning har hållit lagren pressade. När det gäller etanol är ökningen i efterfrågan med största sannolikhet över.

USDA reviderar upp sin prognos för Rysslands majsproduktion 2012/13 och den beräknade produktionen slår därmed det tidigare produktionsrekordet från 2008/09 som även matchades 2011/12.

Majsproduktionen i Kina 2012/13 beräknas vara oförändrad jämfört med förra året. Lantbrukarna i landet förväntas öka majsarealen p.g.a. lägre vinstmarginaler för andra grödor.

Teknisk analys: Upp inom kanalen. Den övergripande bilden är fortfarande rätt svårtydd. Dock kan vi noterar att det falska brottet på nedsidan vid månadsskiftet har lett till ett normalt utfall, ett återtest av golvet med på följande uppgång. Troligtvis kommer kraften i studsen att räcka till ungefär 630. Faller vi under 575 ½ så är studsen redan över och ett nytt bottentest på väg.

Prognos på prisutveckling för majs - 15 juni 2012

Vete

Prisutveckling på vete tom 15 juni 2012

Det USDA har publicerat juni månads WASDE (World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates) rapport för produktion, konsumtion och utgående lager. Prognosen för den globala veteproduktionen 2012/13 visar en nedjustering från förra säsongen till 680 ton, vilket dock är fem ton högre än tidigare prognos och fortfarande en bra bit över genomsnittet de senaste fem åren.

Det europeiska Matifvetet föll tillbaka efter Wasde-rapporten. Vi har en negativ grundsyn på prisutvecklingen.

Skicket (crop condition) på amerikanskt vintervete som rapporterade i måndags ligger på 53 % /good/excellent, vilket är en procent högre än förra veckan.

Globala vetelager är på en relativt låg nivå och förväntas inte stiga 2012/13. Nedsiderisken är alltså begränsad.

Ryssland som är en viktig veteproducent har haft problem med ihållande torka och varma temperaturer under april och större delen av maj vilket har hämmat grödornas utveckling.

Dessutom har ogynnsamma väderförhållanden i Centraleuropa gör att USDA reviderat ned produktionsestimat.

Vi fortsätter att ha en neutral syn på veteprisets utveckling på kort sikt.

Teknisk analys: Tillbaka i 55dagars bandet. Tanken om en fortsatt uppgång har, givet de senaste dagarnas nedgång, skjutits på framtiden. Återigen ligger fokus på huruvida köparna kommer, att som vanligt, återkomma i 55dagars bandet eller inte? Om vi följer det tidigare mönstret bör vi snart försöka högre igen.

Prognos för pris på vete - Köp och sälj - 15 juni 2012

Sojabönor

Nedan ser vi WASDE-rapportens produktionsestimat i miljoner ton, som publicerades i onsdags. Det är inga större förändringar för innevarande år, dock en liten uppjustering av Brasiliens skörd och en lika stor nedjustering av Argentinas. För 2012/13 justerades endast Kinas produktion nedåt.

Sojabönor - Sammanställning av produktion

Utgående lager ser vi nedan. Det är otroligt låga utgående lagerestimat för USA. Globalt är dock lagren på en hyggligt bra nivå.

Lager av sojabönor

Nedan ser vi nuvarande utgående lager i historiskt perspektiv. Lager som räcker i 59 dagar är en relativt hög nivå, trots allt.

Sojabönor - Utveckling av lagernivåer

Lägre ekonomisk tillväxt runtom i världen tynger sojabönorna. Vi ser ett lite längre prisdiagram på novemberkontraktet nedan. Så länge det inte blir någon störning av höstens sådd i Sydamerika bör priset kunna hålla sig under 1400 cent. Vi tycker att man ska vara såld sojabönor nu, med stop-loss på drygt 1400 cent. Det finns goda möjligheter till lägre priser framöver.

Analys av pris på sojabönor den 15 juni 2012

[box]SEB Veckobrev Veckans råvarukommentar är producerat av SEB Merchant Banking och publiceras i samarbete och med tillstånd på Råvarumarknaden.se[/box]

Disclaimer

The information in this document has been compiled by SEB Merchant Banking, a division within Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB (publ) (“SEB”).

Opinions contained in this report represent the bank’s present opinion only and are subject to change without notice. All information contained in this report has been compiled in good faith from sources believed to be reliable. However, no representation or warranty, expressed or implied, is made with respect to the completeness or accuracy of its contents and the information is not to be relied upon as authoritative. Anyone considering taking actions based upon the content of this document is urged to base his or her investment decisions upon such investigations as he or she deems necessary. This document is being provided as information only, and no specific actions are being solicited as a result of it; to the extent permitted by law, no liability whatsoever is accepted for any direct or consequential loss arising from use of this document or its contents.

About SEB

SEB is a public company incorporated in Stockholm, Sweden, with limited liability. It is a participant at major Nordic and other European Regulated Markets and Multilateral Trading Facilities (as well as some non-European equivalent markets) for trading in financial instruments, such as markets operated by NASDAQ OMX, NYSE Euronext, London Stock Exchange, Deutsche Börse, Swiss Exchanges, Turquoise and Chi-X. SEB is authorized and regulated by Finansinspektionen in Sweden; it is authorized and subject to limited regulation by the Financial Services Authority for the conduct of designated investment business in the UK, and is subject to the provisions of relevant regulators in all other jurisdictions where SEB conducts operations. SEB Merchant Banking. All rights reserved.

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Analys

A recession is no match for OPEC+

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SEB - analysbrev på råvaror

History shows that OPEC cuts work wonderfully. When OPEC acts it changes the market no matter how deep the crisis. Massive 9.7 m b/d in May 2020. Large cuts in Dec 2008. And opposite: No-cuts in 2014 crashed the price. OPEC used to be slow and re-active. Now they are fast and re-active. Latest cut indicates a ”reaction-function” with a floor price of USD 70/b. Price could move lower than that in May, but JMMC meeting on 4 June and full OPEC+ meeting on 5-6 July would then change the course. Fresh cuts now in May will likely drive market into deficit, inventory draws, stronger prices. Sell-offs in May should be a good buying opportunities

Bjarne Schieldrop, Chief analyst commodities at SEB
Bjarne Schieldrop, Chief analyst commodities, SEB

Production cuts by OPEC+ do work. They work wonderfully. Deep cuts announced by OPEC in December 2008 made the oil price bottom at USD 33.8/b on Christmas Eve. That is USD 48.3/b adj. for CPI. The oil price then collapsed in 2014 when it became increasingly clear during the autumn that OPEC would NOT defend the oil price with confirmation of no-cuts in December that year.  The creation of OPEC+ in the autumn of 2016 then managed to drive the oil price higher despite booming US shale oil production. A massive 9.7 m b/d cut in production in May 2020 onward made the oil price shoot higher after the trough in April 2020. 

Historical sequence pattern is first a price-trough, then cuts, then rebound. This history however points to a typical sequence of events. First we have a trough in prices. Then we get cuts by OPEC(+) and then the oil price shoots back up. This probably creates an anticipation by the market of a likewise sequence this time. I.e. that the oil price first is going to head to USD 40/b, then deep cuts by OPEC+ and then the rebound. If we get an ugly recession.

But OPEC+ is faster and much more vigilant today. Historically OPEC met every half year. Assessed the situation and made cuts or no cuts in a very reactive fashion. That always gave the market a long lead-time both in terms of a financial sell-off and a potential physical deterioration before OPEC would react.

But markets are faster today as well with new information spreading to the world almost immediately. Impact of that is both financial and physical. The financial sell-off part is easy to understand. The physical part can be a bit more intricate. Fear itself of a recession can lead to a de-stocking of the oil supply chain where everyone suddenly starts to draw down their local inventories of crude and products with no wish to buy new supplies as demand and prices may be lower down the road. This can then lead to a rapid build-up of crude stocks in the hubs and create a sense of very weak physical demand for oil even if it is still steady.

Deep trough in prices is possible but would not last long. Faster markets and faster OPEC+ action means we could still have a deep trough in prices but they would not last very long. Oil inventories previously had time to build up significantly when OPEC acted slowly. When OPEC then finally made the cuts it would take some time to reverse the inventory build-up. So prices would stay lower for longer. Rapid action by OPEC+ today means that inventories won’t have time to build up to the same degree if everything goes wrong with the economy. Thus leading to much briefer sell-offs and sharper and faster re-bounds.

OPEC+ hasn’t really even started cutting yet. Yes, we have had some cuts announced with 1.5 m b/d reduction starting now in May. But this is only bringing Saudi Arabia’s oil production back to roughly its normal level around 10 m b/d following unusually high production of 11 m b/d in Sep 2022. So OPEC+ has lots of ”dry powder” for further cuts if needed.

OPEC reaction function: ”USD 70/b is the floor”. The most recent announced production cut gave a lot of information. It was announced on 2nd of April and super-fast following the 20th of March when Dated Brent traded to an intraday low of USD 69.27/b.

JMMC on 4 June and OPEC+ meeting on 5-6 July. Will cut if needed. OPEC+ will now spend the month of May to assess the effects of the newest cuts. The Joint Ministerial Monitoring Committee (JMMC) will then meet on 4 June and make a recommendation to the group. If it becomes clear at that time that further cuts are needed then we’ll likely get verbal intervention during June in the run-up to 5-6 July and then fresh cuts if needed.

Oil man Biden wants a price floor of USD 70/b as well. The US wants to rebuild its Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR) which now has been drawn down to about 50%. It stated in late 2022 that it wanted to buy if the oil price fell down to USD 67 – 72/b. Reason for this price level is of course that if it falls below that then US shale oil production would/could start to decline with deteriorating energy security for the US. Latest signals from the US administration is that the rebuilding of the SPR could start in Q3-23.

A note on shale oil activity vs. oil price. The US oil rig count has been falling since early December 2022 and has been doing so during a period when the Dated Brent price has been trading around USD 80/b.

IMF estimated social cost-break-even oil price for the different Middle East countries. As long as US shale oil production is not booming there should be lots of support within OPEC+ to cut production in order to maintain the oil price above USD 70/b. Thus the ”OPEC+ reaction-function” of a USD 70/b floor price. But USD 80/b would even satisfy Saudi Arabia.

IMF estimated social cost-break-even oil price for the different Middle East countries
Source: SEB graph, Bloomberg, IMF

US implied demand and products delivered is holding up nicely YoY and on par with 2019. So far at least. Seen from an aggregated level.

US implied demand and products delivered
Source: SEB graph and calculations, Blberg, US DOE

Total US crude and product stocks including SPR. Ticking lower. Could fall faster from May onward due to fresh cuts by OPEC+ of 1.5 m b/d

Total US crude and product stocks including SPR.
Source: SEB graph and calculations, Bloomberg, DOE

An oil price of USD 95/b in 2023 would place cost of oil to the global economy at 3.3% of Global GDP which is equal to the 2000 – 2019 average.

Oil cost as share of global economy
Source: SEB calculations and graph, Statista, BP
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Analys

Mixed signals on demand but world will need more oil from OPEC but the group is cutting

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SEB - analysbrev på råvaror

A world where OPEC(+) is in charge is a very different world than we are used to during the ultra-bearish 2015-19 period where US shale AND offshore non-OPEC production both were booming. Brent averaged USD 58/b nominal and USD 70/b in real terms that period. The Brent 5yr contract is trading at USD 66/b nominal or USD 58.6/b in real-terms assuming no market power to OPEC+ in 2028. Could be, but we don’t think so as US Permian shale is projected by major players to peak next 5yrs. When OPEC(+) is in charge the group will cut according to needs. For Saudi that is around USD 85/b but maybe as high as USD 97/b if budget costs rise with inflation

Bjarne Schieldrop, Chief analyst commodities at SEB
Bjarne Schieldrop, Chief analyst commodities, SEB

No major revisions to outlook by the IEA last week in its monthly Oil Market Report.

Total demand to rise 2 m b/d, 90% of demand growth from non-OECD and 57% from Jet fuel. Total demand to rise by 2 m b/d YoY to 101.9 m b/d where 90% of the gain is non-OECD. Jet fuel demand to account for 57% of demand growth as global aviation continues to normalize post Covid-19. Demand for 2022 revised down by 0.1 m b/d and as a result so was the 2023 outlook (to 101.9 m b/d). Non-OPEC supply for 2023 was revised up by 0.1 m b/d. Call-on-OPEC 2023 was reduced by 0.2 m b/d as a result to 29.5 m b/d. Call-on-OPEC was 28.8 m b/d in Q4-22. The group produced 28.94 m b/d in Mar (Argus).

World will need more oil from OPEC. Call-on-OPEC to rise 1.6 m b/d from Q4-22 to Q4-23. IEA is forecasting a call-on-OPEC in Q4-23 of 30.4 m b/d. The world will thus need 1.6 m b/d more oil from OPEC YoY in Q4-23 and 0.46 m b/d more than it produced in March. Counter to this though the OPEC group decided to cut production by 1 m b/d from May to the end of the year. So from May onward the group will produce around 28 m b/d while call-on-OPEC will be 29.1 m b/d, 30.3 m b/d and 30.4 m b/d in Q2,3,4-23.

If the IEA is right about demand then the coming OPEC cuts  should drive inventories significantly lower and oil prices higher.

But the market doesn’t quite seem to buy into this outlook. If it had then prices would have moved higher. Prices bumped up to USD 87.49/b intraday on 12 April but have since fallen back and Brent is falling back half a percent today to USD 85.9/b.

Market is concerned for declining OECD manufacturing PMI’s. It is of course the darkening clouds on the macro-sky which is making investors concerned about the outlook for oil products demand and thus crude oil demand. Cross-currents in global oil product demand is making the situation difficult to assess. On the one hand there are significant weakening signals in global diesel demand along with falling manufacturing PMIs. The stuff which makes the industrial world go round. Manufacturing, trucking, mining and heavy duty vehicles all need diesel. (Great Blbrg story on diesel here.) Historically recessions implies a cyclical trough in manufacturing activity, softer diesel demand and falling oil prices. So oil investors are naturally cautious about buying into the bull-story based on OPEC cuts alone.

Cross-currents is making demand growth hard to assess. But the circumstances are much more confusing this time around than in normal recession cycles because: 1) Global Jet fuel demand is reviving/recovering post Covid-19 and along with China’s recent reopening. IEA’s assessment is that 57% of global demand growth this year will be from Jet fuel. And 2) Manufacturing PMIs in China and India are rising while OECD PMIs are falling.

These cross-currents in the demand picture is what makes the current oil market so difficult to assess for everyone and why oil prices are not rallying directly to + USD 100/b. Investors are cautious. Though net-long specs have rallied 137 m b to 509 m b since the recent OPEC cuts were announced.

The world will need more oil from OPEC in 2023 but OPEC is cutting. The IEA is projecting that non-OPEC+ supply will grow by 1.9 m b/d YoY and OPEC+ will decline by 0.8 m b/d and in total that global supply will rise 1.2 m b/d in 2023. In comparison  global demand will rise by 2.0 m b/d. At the outset this is a very bullish outlook but the global macro-backdrop could of course deteriorate further thus eroding the current projected demand growth of 2 m b/d. But OPEC can cut more if needed since latest cuts have only brought Saudi Arabia’s production down to its normal level.

OPEC has good reasons to cut production if it can. IEA expects global oil demand to rise 2 m b/d YoY in 2023 and that call-on-OPEC will lift 1.6 m b/d from Q4-22 to Q4-23. I.e. the world needs more oil from OPEC in 2023. But OPEC will likely produce closer to 28 m b/d from May to Dec following latest announced production cuts

Source: SEB graph, IEA, Argus

Market has tightened with stronger backwardation and investors have increased their long positions

Source: SEB calculations and graphs. Blbrg data

Net long specs in Brent + WTI has bounced since OPEC announcement on coming cuts.

Source: SEB calculations and graph, Blbrg data

Saudi Arabia’s fiscal cost-break-even was USD 85/b in 2021 projected the IMF earlier. Don’t know when it was projected, but looks like it was before 2020 and thus before the strong rise in inflation. If we add 15% US inflation to the 2021 number we get USD 97/b. Inflation should lift budget costs in Saudi Arabia as it is largely a USD based economy. Though Saudi Arabia’s inflation since Q4-19 is reported as 8% to data while Saudi cost-of-living-index is up by 11%. Good reason for Saudi Arabia to cut if it can cut without loosing market share to US shale.

Source: SEB graph, IMF data

Adjusting for inflation both on a backward and forward basis. The 5yr Brent price is today at USD 66.3/b but if we adjust for US 5yr inflation it is USD 58.6/b in real terms. That is basically equal to the average Brent spot price from 2015-2019 which was very bearish with booming shale and booming offshore non-OPEC. Market is basically currently pricing that Brent oil market in 5yrs time will be just as bearish as the ultra-bearish period from 2015-2019. It won’t take a lot to beat that when it comes to actual delivery in 2028.

Source: SEB calculations and graph, Blbrg data

Nominal Brent oil prices and 5yr Brent adj. for 5yr forward inflation expectations only

Source: SEB claculations and graph, Blbrg data

ARA Diesel cracks to Brent were exceptionally low in 2020/21 and exceptionally high in 2022. Now they are normalizing. Large additions to refining capacity through 2023 will increase competition in refining and reduce margins. Cuts by OPEC+ will at the same time make crude oil expensive. But diesel cracks are still significantly higher than normal. So more downside before back to normal is achieved.

Source: SEB graph and calculations. Blbrg data
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Analys

How renewable fuels are accelerating the decarbonisation of transport

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WisdomTree

On 16 November 2022, UK’s Royal Air Force (RAF) Voyager aircraft, the military variant of the Airbus A330, took to the skies for 90 minutes over Oxfordshire. What looked like a routine test flight in its outward appearance was ultimately deemed ground-breaking. Why? It was a world-first military transporter aircraft flight, and the first of any aircraft type in the UK to be completed using 100% sustainable jet fuel.  

Mobeen Tahir, Director, Macroeconomic Research & Tactical Solutions, WisdomTree
Mobeen Tahir, Director, Macroeconomic Research & Tactical Solutions, WisdomTree

What are renewable fuels?

Renewable hydrocarbon biofuels (also called green or drop-in biofuels) are fuels produced from biomass sources through a variety of biological, thermal, and chemical processes. These products are chemically identical to petroleum gasoline, diesel, or jet fuel.

In other words, renewable fuels are sources of energy chemically identical to fossil fuels but produced from domestic, commercial, or agricultural waste (see Figure 1 below).

Figure 1: Converting waste into energy

Waste types and refinery output

Why the excitement?

Renewable fuels, like renewable diesel and sustainable jet fuel, can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by around 80-90% compared to fossil fuels. And because they burn much cleaner, engine filters remain cleaner for longer reducing the need for maintenance. Furthermore, given used cooking oil, vegetable oil, processing waste, and animal fat waste are used as inputs, the production of these fuels reduces biowaste, thereby cutting emissions from landfills.

This makes renewable fuels a key component of the circular economy. Humans have largely operated on the linear model historically when it comes to utilising natural resources. The circular model, in contrast, is much less wasteful and seeks to recycle as much as possible (see Figure 2 below).

Figure 2: The Circular Economy

Circular economy
Source: WisdomTree, Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2023

The most exciting thing about renewable fuels is the immediacy with which they can make an impact. The reason why they are referred to as drop-in fuels is that they can replace fossil fuels in internal combustion engines with little or no modification required. So, if supply was abundant enough, forms of transport which cannot be electrified easily like heavy duty trucks, ships, and aeroplanes can be switched across to renewable fuels making a significant improvement to the environmental footprint. According to BP, “A return flight between London and San Francisco has a carbon footprint per economy ticket of nearly 1 tonne of CO2 equivalent. With the aviation industry expected to double to over 8 billion passengers by 2050, it is essential that we act to reduce aviation’s carbon emissions.”

The challenge

Renewable fuels or biofuels are still in their infancy. This means the obvious hurdle to overcome is cost competitiveness with fossil fuels. Cost estimates vary, but figures from the International Air Transport Association (IATA) provide a useful sense for the ballpark. In May 2022, IATA stated that the average worldwide price of jet fuel is about $4.15 per gallon compared to the US average price of a gallon of sustainable aviation fuel, which is about $8.67.

So, roughly double the price of the incumbent polluting technology. This is not a bad starting point at all. Considering how rapidly the cost of energy storage in batteries has fallen in the last decade, renewable fuels could become competitive quite soon if sufficient investment is made and economies of scale are achieved. IATA also predicts that renewable fuels could make up 2% of all aviation fuels by 2025, which could become a tipping point in their competitiveness.

Businesses are acting

Businesses pursuing their own net zero targets have already started exploring renewable fuels to minimise their waste. Darling Ingredients Inc, which produces its trademark Diamond Green Diesel from recycled animal fats, inedible corn oil, and used cooking oil, was chosen by fast food chain Chick-fil-A in March 2022 to turn its used cooking oil into clean transportation fuel.

Similarly, McDonald’s entered into a partnership with Neste Corporation in 2020 to convert its used vegetable oil into renewable diesel and fuel the trucks that make deliveries to its restaurants. According to TortoiseEcofin, both Darling Ingredients and Neste have a net negative carbon footprint given emissions produced by these businesses are lower that the emissions avoided because of their renewable fuels.

A final word

Renewable fuels alone will not tackle climate change. No single solution can. But they can help us make meaningful progress. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emphasises how crucial it is for the world to halve its greenhouse gas emissions this decade to at least have a chance of limiting global warming to 1.5oC. This means that solutions with an immediate effect have an important role to play. Biofuels can cut emissions from waste in landfills and provide much cleaner alternatives to fossil fuels to help accelerate the world’s decarbonisation efforts. They don’t require different engines to be of use. They just need funding to reach scale.

Mobeen Tahir, Director, Macroeconomic Research & Tactical Solutions, WisdomTree

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