Analys
Market on Edge Awaiting Israel’s Next Move Against Iran
Brent crude jumped as much as 5.5% yesterday before it closed at USD 77.62/b (+5%). That is up USD 9/b since the recent low-point of USD 68.68/b on 10 Sep which was the lowest Brent price since December 2021. The jump yesterday was fueled by Biden saying that attacks on Iranian oil infrastructure was under discussion as a response to the 200 ballistic missiles Iran fired at Israel on Tuesday. Brent price this morning is mostly unchanged.
While we have seen a strong rebound in the oil price lately, the current price of USD 77.6/b is still below its close in August of USD 78.8/b and also well below the USD 80-85/b where Brent has comfortably been trading for more than 18 months. One should think that the latest escalation in the Middle East would have forced some short-covering of more than 250 mb of short oil positions in Brent and WTI. But so far at least not enough to spur Brent crude back to USD 80/b.
It is now almost one year since the Oct 7 attack on Israel. And so far the market has not lost a single drop of oil. The most severe impact on the oil market so far is the rerouting of oil around Africa due to Houthis firing rockets at ships in the Red Sea.
While Mid-East tensions are running high, the oil market is still deeply concerned about weak demand and a surplus oil in 2025. OPEC+ this week again confirmed that they will lift production by 180 kb/d in December. The plan is for a monthly increase by this amount for 12 months to November 2025. But even if they do lift production in December, it doesn’t necessarily mean that they will lift also in January. That remains to be decided. Saudi Arabia is clearly frustrated by the fact that Iraq, Kazakhstan and Russia haven’t complied fully with agreed quotas. And if your teammates do not play by the agreed rules, then how can you keep on playing. But they still have October and November to show that they are good palls.
Libya is also set to revive production in the coming days. Its production tumbled to less than 450 kb/d in August and averaged 600 kb/d in September. It will likely return back to around 1.2 mb/d rather quickly as internal political disagreements have been ironed out for now.
Ahead of us however is still the retaliatory attack by Iran on Israel. All options are probably weighted and Israel naturally have a long list of possible targets already made out. Which to choose? Oil installations? Other economic targets? Military installations? Nuclear facilities?,.. It is a fine balance. A forceful retaliation, but not so strong that it leads to an uncontrollable tit-for-tat escalation. Israel may utilize the situation to hit Iranian nuclear installations now that Hezbollah is partially sidelined.
Our expectations are that the Israeli retaliation will come rather quickly and probably before Oct 7. It probably won’t hit oil installations. Most likely it will hit military installations. Possibly Iran’s nuclear facilities. But if the later are hit then we are in for a real tit-for-tat escalation.
If all of Iran’s oil export capacity was to be taken out, then the world would lose around 1.7 mb/d of Iranian crude oil exports plus some 0.5 mb/d of condensate exports. OPEC+ now holds a spare capacity of 5-6 mb/d with Saudi Arabia alone able to lift production by 2-3 mb/d. UAE, Iraq and Kuwait can probably lift production by 1.5 to 2.0 mb/d and Russia by 1.0 mb/d. So world would not go dry for oil even if Iran’s oil exports are fully taken out. But spare capacity would be much lower and that would lift the oil price higher. But if Iran’s exports were taken out then we are talking full turmoil around the Strait of Hormuz. And the oil price would jump considerably and above USD 100/b as the risk of further escalation which might impact exports out of the Strait of Hormuz which carries close to 20% of all oil consumed in the world.
The rule of thumb in commodity markets is that if supply is severely restricted then the price will often spike to 5-10x its normal level. Most recent examples of this is global LNG prices which spiked to USD 385/boe when Russia chocked off gas supplies to Europe. So if worst came to worst and the Strait of Hormuz was closed for a month or more then Brent crude would likely spike to USD 350/b, the world economy would crater and the oil price would fall back to below USD 200/b again over some time. But the risk for this currently seems very remote and both the US and China would likely move in to try to reopen the Strait if it was closed. But when rockets are flying left, right and center, it is not so easy. But seeing where the oil price sits right now the market doesn’t seem to hold much probability for such a development at all.
But it is not so long ago that world markets were taken completely off-guard by the developments in Russia/Ukraine. So while probabilities for worst case scenarios are very low, everyone are still biting nails for what will happen the coming days as we await the retaliatory attack by Israel on Iran.
Market is starting to take US/Iran headlines with a pinch of salt. Brent crude rose $2.8/b yesterday to an official close of $112.1/b. But after that it traded as low as $108.05/b before ending late night at around $109.7/b. Through the day it traded in a range of $106.87 – 112.72/b amid a flurry of news or rumors from Iran and the US. ”US temporary sanctions during negotiations” (falls alarm). ”We will bomb Iran” (not anyhow),… etc. While the market is still fluctuating to this kind of news flow, it is starting to take such headlines with a pinch of salt.
We’ll see. Maybe, maybe not. The Brent M1 contract is trading at $110.2/b this morning which very close to the average ticks through yesterday of $110.4/b.
Trump with bearish, verbal intervention whenever Brent trades above $110/b it seems. What seems to be a pattern is that Trump states something like ”very good negotiations going on with Iran”, ”New leaders in Iran are great,..”, ”Great progress in negotiations,…”, ”Deal in sight,..” etc whenever the Brent M1 contract trades above $110/b. An effort to cool the market. These hot air verbal interventions from Trump used to have a heavy bearish impact on prices, but they now seems to have less and less effect unless they are backed by reality.
As far as we can see there has been no real progress in the negotiations between the US and Iran with both sides still standing by their previous demands.
Iran is getting stronger while the cease fire lasts making a return to war for Trump yet harder. Iran is naturally in constant preparation for a return to war given Trump’s steady threats of bombing Iran again. Iran is naturally doing what ever is possible to prepare for a return to war. And every day the cease fire lasts it is better prepared. This naturally makes it more and more difficult and dangerous for the US to return to warring activity versus Iran as the consequences for energy infrastructure in the Persian Gulf will be more and more severe the longer the cease fire lasts. Israel seems to see it this way as well. That the war is not won and that current frozen state of a cease fire gives Iran opportunity to rebuild military and politically.
Global inventories are drawing down day by day. How much? In the meantime the Strait of Hormuz stays closed. There is varying measures and estimates of how much global inventories are drawing down. Our rough estimate, back of the envelope, is that global inventories are drawing down by at least some 10 mb/d or about 300 mb/d in a balance between loss of supply versus demand destruction. Other estimates we see are a monthly draw of 250-270 mb/d. The IEA only ’measured’ a draw in global observable stocks of 117 mb in April with oil on water rising 53 mb while on shore stocks fell 170 mb. But global stocks are hard to measure with large invisible, unmeasured stocks. As such a back of the envelope approach may be better.
Oil products is what the world is consuming. Oil product prices likely to rise while product stocks fall. Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR) are predominantly crude oil. Discharging oil from OECD SPR stocks, a sharp reduction in Chinese crude imports and a reduction in global refinery throughput of 6-7 mb/d has helped to keep crude oil markets satisfactorily supplied. But global inventories are drawing down none the less. And oil products is really what the world is consuming. So if global refinery throughput stays subdued, then demand will eventually have to match the supply of oil products. The likely path forward this summer is a steady draw down in jet fuel, diesel and gasoline. Higher prices for these. Then, if possible, higher refinery throughput and higher usage of crude in response to very profitable refinery margins. And lastly sharper draw in crude stocks and higher prices for these. But some 6 mb/d of oil products used to be exported through the Strait of Hormuz. And it may not be so easy to ramp up refinery activity across the world to compensate. Especially as Ukraine continues to damage Russian refineries as well as Russian crude production and export facilities.
Watch oil product stocks and prices as well as Brent calendar 2027. What to watch for this summer is thus oil product inventories falling and oil product premiums to crude rising. Another measure to watch is the Brent crude 2027 contract as it rises steadily day by day as the Strait of Hormuz stays closed and global oil inventories decline. The latter is close to the highest level since the start of the war and keeps rising.
The Brent M1 contract and the Brent 2027 prices and current price of jet fuel in Europe (ARA). All in USD/b
Our back of the envelope calculation of the global shortage created by the closure of the Strait of Hormuz. Note that 3.5 mb/d of discharge from SPR is also a draw. Note also that ’Forced demand loss’ of 2.5 mb/d is probably temporary and will fall back towards zero as logistics are sorted out leaving ’Price demand loss’ to do the job of balancing the market. Thus a shortfall of at least 9 mb/d created by the closure. More if SPR discharge is included and more if Forced demand loss recedes.
Brent is climbing higher. Front-month is at USD 106.3/bl this morning, close to a weekly high and a USD 9/bl jump from Mondays open. This is the move we flagged as a risk earlier in the week: the market shifting from ”a deal is around the corner” to ”this is going to take longer than we thought”.
Analyst Commodities, SEB
During April, rest-of-year Brent remained remarkably stable around USD 90/bl. A stability which rested on one single assumption: the SoH reopens around 1 May. That assumption is now slowly falling apart.
As we highlighted yesterday: every week of delay beyond 1 May adds (theoretically) ish USD 5/bl to the rest-of-year average, as global inventories draw 100 million barrels per week. i.e., a mid-May reopening implies rest-of-year Brent closer to USD 100/bl, and anything pushing into June or July takes us meaningfully higher.
What’s changed in the last 48 hours:
#1: The US military has formally warned that clearing suspected sea mines from SoH could take up to six months. That is a completely different timescale from what the financial market is pricing. Even a political deal tomorrow does not immediately reopen the strait.
#2: Trump has shifted his tone from urgency to ”strategic patience”. In yesterday’s press conference: ”Don’t rush me… I want a great deal.” The market is reading this as a president no longer feeling pressured by timelines, with the naval blockade running in the background.
#3: So far, the military activity is escalating, not de-escalating. Axios reports Iran is laying more mines in SoH. The US 3rd carrier strike group (USS George H.W. Bush) is arriving with two countermine vessels. Trump yesterday ordered the US Navy to destroy any Iranian boats caught laying mines. While CNN reports that the Pentagon is actively drawing up plans to strike Iranian SoH capabilities and individual Iranian military leaders if the ceasefire collapses. i.e., NOT a attitude consistent with an imminent deal!
Spot crude and product prices eased off the early-April highs on a combination of system rerouting and deal optimism. Both now weakening. Goldman estimates April Gulf output is reduced by 14.5 mbl/d, or 57% of pre-war supply, a number that keeps getting worse the longer this drags on.
Demand-side adaptation is ongoing: S. Korea has cut its Middle East crude dependence from 69% to 56% by pulling more from the Americas and Africa, and Japan is kicking off a second round of SPR releases from 1 May. But SPRs are finite.
Ref. to the negotiations, we should not bet on speed. The current Iranian leadership is dominated by genuine hardliners willing to absorb economic pain and run the clock to extract concessions. That is not a setup for a rapid resolution. US/Israeli media briefings keep framing the delay as ”internal Iranian divisions”, the reality is more complicated and points toward weeks and months, not days.
Our point is that the complexity is large, and higher prices have only just started (given a scenario where the negotiations drag out in time). The market spent April leaning on the USD 90/bl rest-of-year assumption; that case is diminishing by the hour. If ”early May reopening” is replaced by ”June, July or later” over the next week or two, both crude and products have meaningful room to reprice higher from here. There is a high risk being short energy and betting on any immediate political resolution(!).
Down on Friday. Up on Monday. The Brent June crude oil contract traded down 5.1% last week to a close of $90.38/b. It reached a high of $103.87/b last Monday and a low of $86.09/b on Friday as Iran announced that the Strait of Hormuz was fully open for transit. That quickly changed over the weekend as the US upheld its blockade of Iranian oil exports while Iran naturally responded by closing the SoH again. The US blew a hole in the engine room of the Iranian ship TOUSKA and took custody of the ship on Sunday. Brent crude is up 5.6% this morning to $95.4/b.
The cease-fire is expiring tomorrow. The US has said it will send a delegation for a second round of negotiations in Islamabad in Pakistan. But Iran has for now rejected a second round of talks as it views US demands as unrealistic and excessive while the US is also blocking the Strait of Hormuz.
While Brent is up 5% this morning, the financial market is still very optimistic that progress will be made. That talks will continue and that the SoH will fully open by the start of May which is consistent with a rest-of-year average Brent crude oil price of around $90/b with the market now trading that balance at around $88/b.
Financial optimism vs. physical deterioration. We have a divergence where the financial market is trading negotiations, improvements and resolution while at the same time the physical market is deteriorating day by day. Physical oil flows remain constrained by disrupted flows, longer voyage times and elevated freight and insurance costs.
Financial markets are betting that a US/Iranian resolution will save us in time from violent shortages down the road. But every day that the SoH remains closed is bringing us closer to a potentially very painful point of shortages and much higher prices.
The US blockade is also a weapon of leverage against its European and Asian allies. When Iran closed the SoH it held the world economy as a hostage against the US. The US blockade of the SoH is of course blocking Iranian oil exports. But it is also an action of disruption directed towards Europe and Asia. The US has called for the rest of the world to engaged in the war with Iran: ”If you want oil from the Persian Gulf, then go and get it”. A risk is that the US plays brinkmanship with the global oil market directed towards its European and Asian allies and maybe even towards China to force them to engage and take part. Maybe unthinkable. But unthinkable has become the norm with Trump in the White House.
Sommarväder skapar prisrally på elbörsen
Oil product price pain is set to rise as the Strait of Hormuz stays closed into summer
Solkraften pressar elpriserna dagtid
Michel Gubel ger sin syn på oljemarknaden