Since last Friday’s opening at USD 73.1 per barrel, Brent crude prices have steadily declined over the weekend, with further losses on Monday afternoon following a brief recovery that saw prices approach USD 73 per barrel. As of this morning (Tuesday), Brent crude is inching upward again, currently trading at USD 72.2 per barrel. Over the past week, implied volatility has dropped to its lowest levels in roughly two months, as the upward momentum observed since mid-November has temporarily stalled.

On a bearish note, reduced geopolitical uncertainty in the Middle East has contributed to easing the risk premium in oil prices. Israel has signaled its intention to uphold the current ceasefire despite launching airstrikes in Lebanon in response to Hezbollah’s first attack under the truce. While this de-escalation has softened prices, the attacks during the ceasefire highlight that tensions in the region are far from resolved. This persistent instability will likely remain a source of uncertainty for oil markets in the weeks ahead.

On the bullish side, the OPEC+ supply meeting, rescheduled to Thursday, December 5th, looms. Additionally, expectations are building for increased Chinese stimulus measures, potentially to be unveiled at the Chinese Central Economic Work Conference next Wednesday. This closed-door meeting is expected to outline key economic targets and stimulus plans for 2025, which could provide fresh support for Chinese oil demand.

From a supply perspective, OPEC+ has added to market uncertainty by postponing its meeting, initially planned for Sunday, December 1st. The group will decide whether to reintroduce production cuts or proceed with a scheduled supply increase of 180,000 barrels per day. Current market sentiment suggests that OPEC+ is unlikely to rush into restoring production, reflecting cautiousness amid subdued global demand and concerns about a potential supply glut in 2024.

Market participants and traders widely anticipate that the cartel will maintain its wait-and-see approach to avoid worsening the fragile market balance. Such cautiousness could lend support to prices as the new year approaches. We believe OPEC+ is acutely aware of the risks associated with oversupplying the market and will likely act to stabilize prices rather than jeopardize them.

Looking ahead, fundamentals such as U.S. inventory levels, geopolitical developments, and OPEC+ decisions will remain key drivers of the crude oil market. These factors will shape the outlook as we move into the final weeks of 2024 and entering 2025.

Since last Friday’s close at USD 75.4 per barrel, Brent crude prices have experienced a steady decline over the week, bringing an end to the upward momentum observed since mid-November. Trading has been marked by volatility, highlighted by a sharp sell-off on Monday afternoon (CEST), which was driven by reduced geopolitical uncertainty. As of now, Brent crude has dropped USD 2.9 per barrel this week and is trading at USD 72.5 per barrel.

Geopolitical developments have played a pivotal role in shaping market sentiment this week. Israel and Lebanon have reached the terms of an agreement to end the Israel-Hezbollah conflict. The current cease-fire has alleviated some of the geopolitical tensions in the region, reducing some of the risk premium that had supported crude prices in recent weeks.

On the supply side, OPEC+ has introduced new uncertainties by delaying its upcoming meeting, which was originally scheduled for Sunday, December 1st. The group is set to deliberate on whether to revive production cuts by implementing a scheduled supply increase of 180,000 barrels per day (to begin with). However, signals from OPEC+ delegates earlier this week indicate ongoing discussions about postponing this move, potentially for several months. This delay aligns with a cautious market outlook, as global demand remains subdued, leaving little room for additional OPEC+ barrels in the market. The cartel appears acutely aware of the delicate balance, avoiding actions that could oversupply the market.

Meanwhile, speculation surrounding a potential surge in US oil production – up 3 million barrels per day – has gained attention. Such a ramp-up could drive crude prices below USD 50 per barrel but is considered unrealistic. US producers understand the strategic risks involved, particularly with OPEC+ holding an estimated 5–6 million barrels of spare capacity. A significant production increase by the US would likely provoke a strong response from OPEC+, potentially flooding the market to protect market share. Such a scenario would lead to sharp price declines, ultimately punishing US production rather than fostering growth. This dynamic makes the proposed ramp-up highly unlikely.

Inventory data from the US DOE further highlights the tight supply conditions in the market. Commercial crude inventories (excl. SPR) declined by 1.8 million barrels week-on-week, bringing total stocks to 428.4 million barrels. While smaller than the 5.9-million-barrel draw estimated by the API, inventories remain approximately 5% below the five-year average for this time of year.

Refined product inventories presented a mixed picture. Gasoline inventories increased by 3.3 million barrels (compared to API’s estimate of 1.8 million barrels), yet they remain 3% below the five-year average. Similarly, distillate inventories (diesel) rose by 0.4 million barrels but are still 5% below the five-year norm, contrasting with API’s estimate of a 2.5-million-barrel build. The modest crude draw continues to signal tight market conditions, particularly when combined with overall low inventory levels across petroleum products.

Refinery operations also provided important insights. US refinery inputs averaged 16.3 million barrels per day, with facilities operating at 90.5% capacity. Crude imports declined sharply, averaging 6.1 million barrels per day, down 1.6 million barrels compared to the previous week. Over the past four weeks, total product supply – a key indicator of demand – averaged 20.4 million barrels per day, representing a 1% year-on-year increase. Gasoline demand remained steady, while distillate fuel demand declined by 3.4%, and jet fuel demand rose by 3.3%.

Despite this week’s bearish price action, the decline in US crude inventories, albeit smaller than expected, signals that market fundamentals remain somewhat tight and capping the downside to prices. Additionally, the drop in total commercial petroleum inventories – down by 1.8 million barrels last week – further underscores this. US inventories, alongside ongoing geopolitical developments and OPEC+ decisions, will continue to dominate the crude oil narrative in the coming weeks.

Brent crude is maintaining its gains from Monday and ticking yet higher. Brent crude made a jump of 3.2% on Monday to USD 73.5/b and has managed to maintain the gain since then. Virtually no price change yesterday and opening this morning at USD 73.3/b.

Emerging positive signs from the Chinese economy may lift oil market sentiment. Chinese economic weakness in general and shockingly weak oil demand there has been pestering the oil price since its peak of USD 92.2/b in mid-April. Net Chinese crude and product imports has been negative since May as measured by 3mth y/y changes. This measure reached minus 10% in July and was still minus 3% in September. And on a year to Sep, y/y it is down 2%. Chinese oil demand growth has been a cornerstone of global oil demand over the past decades accounting for a growth of around half a million barrels per day per year or around 40% of yearly global oil demand growth. Electrification and gassification (LNG HDTrucking) of transportation is part of the reason, but that should only have weakened China’s oil demand growth and not turned it abruptly negative. Historically it has been running at around +3-4% pa.

With a sense of ’no end in sight’ for China’ ills and with a trade war rapidly approaching with Trump in charge next year, the oil bears have been in charge of the oil market. Oil prices have moved lower and lower since April. Refinery margins have also fallen sharply along with weaker oil products demand. The front-month gasoil crack to Brent peaked this year at USD 34.4/b (premium to Brent) in February and fell all the way to USD 14.4/b in mid October. Several dollar below its normal seasonal level. Now however it has recovered to a more normal, healthy seasonal level of USD 18.2/b. 

But Chinese stimulus measures are already working. The best immediate measure of that is the China surprise index which has rallied from -40 at the end of September to now +20. This is probably starting to filter in to the oil market sentiment.

The market has for quite some time now been staring down towards the USD 60/b. But this may now start to change with a bit more optimistic tones emerging from the Chinese economy.

China economic surprise index (white). Front-month ARA Gasoil crack to Brent in USD/b (blue)

The IEA could be too bearish by up to 0.8 mb/d. IEA’s calculations for Q3-24 are off by 0.8 mb/d. OECD inventories fell by 1.16 mb/d in Q3 according to the IEA’s latest OMR. But according to the IEA’s supply/demand balance the decline should only have been 0.38 mb/d. I.e. the supply/demand balance of IEA for Q3-24 was much less bullish than how the inventories actually developed by a full 0.8 mb/d. If we assume that the OECD inventory changes in Q3-24 is the ”proof of the pudding”, then IEA’s estimated supply/demand balance was off by a full 0.8 mb/d. That is a lot. It could have a significant consequence for 2025 where the IEA is estimating that call-on-OPEC will decline by 0.9 mb/d y/y according to its estimated supply/demand balance. But if the IEA is off by 0.8 mb/d in Q3-24, it could be equally off by 0.8 mb/d for 2025 as a whole as well. Leading to a change in the call-on-OPEC of only 0.1 mb/d y/y instead. Story by Bloomberg: {NSN SMXSUYT1UM0W <GO>}. And looking at US oil inventories they have consistently fallen significantly more than normal since June this year. See below.

Later today at 16:30 CET we’ll have the US oil inventory data. Bearish indic by API, but could be a bullish surprise yet again. Last night the US API indicated that US crude stocks rose by 4.8 mb, gasoline stocks fell by 2.5 mb and distillates fell by 0.7 mb. In total a gain of 1.6 mb. Total US crude and product stocks normally decline by 3.7 mb for week 46.

The trend since June has been that US oil inventories have been falling significantly versus normal seasonal trends. US oil inventories stood 16 mb above the seasonal 2015-19 average on 21 June. In week 45 they ended 34 mb below their 2015-19 seasonal average. Recent news is that US Gulf refineries are running close to max in order to satisfy Lat Am demand for oil products.

US oil inventories versus the 2015-19 seasonal averages.