Analys

Brent and WTI – A tale of two benchmarks

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6 år sedan

den

5 maj, 2020

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Brent and West Texas Intermediate (WTI) are two globally recognised oil benchmarks. When market participants refer to the price of oil, they typically refer to one or the other or both. But despite having quite similar chemical properties, there are important distinguishing features between the two. Financial markets recognise these differences and, as a result, price the two differently. The two benchmarks have contrasting features in terms of where the oil is produced, how it is stored and transported and the way it is traded in international markets. These differences not only explain the historical price discrepancy between the two, but also help us understand why the two have behaved differently during the coronavirus pandemic and the ensuing market volatility. This article will contrast the distinguishing features between the two and, after developing a new lens to view the two benchmarks, replay the recent episode when WTI prices crashed into negative territory. The article will conclude by outlining the forces which will shape the fluid commodity going forward.

Same, same, but different

In ‘A tale of Two Cities’ by Charles Dickens, Sydney Carton sacrifices his life to save Charles Darnay, who is married to the woman Carton loves, by taking his place in prison moments before he is taken to the guillotine during the French revolution. He is able to pull off this selfless act of bravery thanks to the uncanny resemblance between him and Darnay. Similarly, most people would not be able to tell the difference if a barrel of WTI was replaced with one for Brent given the likeness between the two. Both Brent and WTI are referred to as light and sweet. They are ‘light’ in terms of the American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity. Having an API gravity greater than 10 makes them light and allows them to float on water, while an API gravity of less than 10 would have caused them to sink. Similarly, both have low sulphur content making them ‘sweet’ and easy to refine (See Figure 01).

But while Carton and Darnay looked alike, they were distinctly different individuals. Brent and WTI too, despite their resemblance, have their disparities. Brent Crude is extracted from the North Sea. Oil production from Europe, Africa and the Middle East tends to use Brent as its main benchmark. This accounts for around two-thirds of internationally traded crude oil. The Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting countries (OPEC), an intergovernmental organisation comprising 13 key oil producing countries as well as their 10 partner countries (collectively referred to as OPEC+), also typically use Brent as their oil price benchmark. In contrast, WTI is sourced primarily from Texas and most oil production in the US uses WTI as its main benchmark.

WTI to Brent discount — Source: WisdomTree, Bloomberg. Data as at 29 April 2020. Spread calculated as the difference between the prices of the generic first futures contracts of Brent and WTI.

Brent and WTI have always traded at different prices giving rise to the Brent – WTI spread (Figure 02). Purely in terms of quality, WTI has a slight edge over Brent on account of its lower sulphur content making it moderately ‘sweeter’ and thus easier to refine. For this reason, WTI ought to theoretically trade at a premium over Brent. For a large part of the first decade of this century, WTI did indeed trade at a premium, i.e. the Brent – WTI spread was negative. Over the last decade however, the shale revolution in the US has brought large volumes of oil into the market making the US one of the largest oil producers in the world. The shale revolution refers to a combination of technological improvements and financial infrastructure enabling the US to produce oil from low-permeable shale, sandstone and carbonate rock formations in larger quantities than ever before. The shale oil industry has grown rapidly since 2011 and accounted for 63% of total US crude oil production in 2019 (according to the US Energy Information Administration). In line with economic principles of demand and supply, as the total volume of oil production increased in the US, this put downward pressure on WTI. The Brent – WTI spread has generally been positive in the last decade.

Another reason for the Brent – WTI spread is the logistical challenge for the US to transport oil from landlocked production hubs through a network of pipelines and to ship it overseas. This impinges on the overseas demand for oil from the US (WTI). In contrast, Brent is produced at or closer to sea making it easier for it to reach its overseas destinations. The US is however investing heavily in its pipeline infrastructure to enable it to send large vessels of oil from its shores to international buyers. Several such infrastructure projects are expected to be completed by 2021-2022 when we might see an increase in demand for WTI and thus a narrowing of its spread with Brent.

The historic WTI crash

The explanation above of the spread between the two benchmarks omits any discussion about the unprecedented spike on 20 April 2020. This section will unravel the story behind the anomalous occurrence.

On Monday 20 April 2020, markets witnessed a historic crash in WTI prices (Figure 03). The crash occurred a day before the active Nymex WTI futures contract was due to expire. This contract, meant to deliver oil between 01 May and 31 May, crashed into negative territory as oil storage in the US became very tight. With the coronavirus pandemic causing considerable oil demand destruction putting entire countries in lockdown and bringing economic activity to a grinding halt, the reduction in oil production was not enough to balance the market creating a supply glut. The main delivery and settlement point in Cushing, Oklahoma was approaching its storage limit with any additional capacity likely already leased out or earmarked for other purposes. This acute pressure, so close to contract expiry at the point where contracts settle, contributed to the negative price. Those taking physical delivery from the expiring futures contract were being paid to take the oil and find a place to store it. The May contract expired the following day in slightly positive territory. When the June contract became the active contract upon the May contract’s expiry, prices recovered further as the issue of June deliveries creating the same problem was less worrying, at least at that point.

But Brent did not endure a similar crash. The main reason for this is that WTI, traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), is a deliverable futures contract. Thus, upon expiry, the holder of the futures contract takes delivery of the underlying, i.e. barrels of oil. Brent however, traded on the Intercontinental Exchange (ICE), has a cash settlement procedure whereby the holder of the futures contract need not take delivery of the underlying upon expiry. Therefore, storage issues create a more direct risk to investors in WTI futures.

Outside of this idiosyncrasy pertaining to futures trading, the two benchmarks generally move with a high degree of correlation (Figure 04). At the peak of the coronavirus pandemic’s acceleration in April, a third of global oil demand was wiped out. Soon thereafter, major oil producers Saudi Arabia and Russia engaged in a price war. This created a double shock for oil as the suppliers opened the floodgates at a time when demand had just crashed. Both benchmarks experienced severe price weakness. But as policy decisions from OPEC+ can be expected to impact Brent prices more than WTI, the deal reached by the group at the start of April to cut suppliesprovided slightly more cushioning to Brent.

Brent och WTI chart — Source: WisdomTree, Bloomberg. Data as at 29 April 2020.

What happens next?

With a deeper understanding of the drivers of the two benchmarks, historic and recent price behaviour makes more sense. But the all-important question is, “what happens next?”. The fate of oil prices rests heavily on how quickly the world can overcome the pandemic and get the economic engines firing again. Volatility in oil prices may persist in the coming weeks, or even months, until uncertainty with regards to the pandemic and lockdowns diminishes. The relative price behaviour of WTI and Brent during this period will depend on the degree to which producers in the US and OPEC+ cut supplies to balance the market.

We however hope to paint a more optimistic picture of the world in the second half of this year. Oil prices may not recover quickly to where they were in February this year due to an overhang of excess supply, a fractured OPEC+ and a dented global economic engine. Nonetheless, after all the pain, the world will eventually return to some semblance of normalcy. Manufacturers will switch their machines on again, cars will return to the roads and aeroplanes will return to the skies. Once again, oil is expected to be in demand. And while one protagonist had to sacrifice himself to save the other in the tale told by Dickens, we expect both mainstays from the tale of two benchmarks to rise again when the crisis is over.

Mobeen Tahir, Associate Director, Research, WisdomTree

DISCLAIMER

This material is prepared by WisdomTree and its affiliates and is not intended to be relied upon as a forecast, research or investment advice, and is not a recommendation, offer or solicitation to buy or sell any securities or to adopt any investment strategy. The opinions expressed are as of the date of production and may change as subsequent conditions vary. The information and opinions contained in this material are derived from proprietary and non-proprietary sources. As such, no warranty of accuracy or reliability is given and no responsibility arising in any other way for errors and omissions (including responsibility to any person by reason of negligence) is accepted by WisdomTree, nor any affiliate, nor any of their officers, employees or agents. Reliance upon information in this material is at the sole discretion of the reader. Past performance is not a reliable indicator of future performance.

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TACO (or Whatever It Was) Sends Oil Lower — Iran Keeps Choking Hormuz

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4 veckor sedan

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24 mars, 2026

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Wild moves yesterday. Brent crude traded to a high of $114.43/b and a low of $96.0/b and closed at $99.94/b yesterday.

Bjarne Schieldrop, Chief analyst commodities, SEB

US – Iran negotiations ongoing or not? What a day. Donald Trump announced that good talks were ongoing between Iran and the US and that the 48 hour deadline before bombing Iranian power plants and energy infrastructure was postponed by five days subject to success of ongoing meetings. Iranian media meanwhile stated that no meetings were ongoing at all.

Today we are scratching our heads trying to figure out what yesterday was all about.

Friends and family playing the market? Was it just Trump and his friends and family who were playing with oil and equity markets with $580m and $1.46bn in bets being placed by someone in oil and equity markets just 15 minutes before Trump’s announcement?

Was Trump pulling a TACO as he reached his political and economic pain point: Brent at $112/b, US Gas at $4/gal, SPX below 200dma and US 10yr above 4.4%?

Different Iranian factions with Trump talking with one of them? Are there real negotiations going on but with the US talking to one faction in Iran while another, the hardliners, are not involved and are denying any such negotiations going on?

Extending the ultimatum to attack and invade Kharg island next weekend? Or, is the five day delay of the deadline a tactical decision to allow US amphibious assault ships and marines to arrive in the Gulf in the upcoming weekend while US and Israeli continues to degrade Iranian military targets till then. And then next weekend a move by the US/Israel to attack and conquer for example the Kharg island?

We do not really know which it is or maybe a combination of these.

We did get some kind of TACO ydy. But markets have been waiting for some kind of TACO to happen and yesterday we got some kind of TACO. And Brent crude is now trading at $101.5/b as a result rather than at $112-114/b as it did no the high yesterday.

But what really matters in our view is the political situation on the ground in Iran. Will hardliners continue to hold power or will a more pragmatic faction gain power?

If the hardliners remain in power then oil pain should extend all the way to US midterm elections. The hardliners were apparently still in charge as of last week. Iran immediately retaliated and damaged LNG infrastructure in Qatar after Israel hit Iranian South Pars. The SoH was still closed and all messages coming out of Iran indicated defiance. Hardliners continues in power has a huge consequence for oil prices going forward. The regime has played its ’oil-weapon’ (closing or chocking the Strait of Hormuz). It is using it to achieve political goals. Deterrence: it needs to be so politically and economically expensive to attack Iran that it won’t happen again in the future. Or at least that the US/Israel thinks 10-times over before they attack again. The highest Brent crude oil closing price since the start of the war is $112.19/b last Friday. In comparison the 20-year inflation adjusted Brent price is $103/b. So Brent crude last Friday at $112.19/b isn’t a shockingly high price. And it is still far below the nominal high of $148/b from 2008 which is $220/b if inflation adjusted. So once in a lifetime Iran activates its most powerful weapon. The oil weapon. It needs to show the power of this weapon and it needs to reap political gains. Getting Brent to $112/b and intraday high of $119.5/b (9 March) isn’t a display of the power of that weapon. And it is not a deterrence against future attacks.

So if the hardliners remain in power in Iran, then the SoH will likely remain chocked all the way to US midterm elections and Brent crude will at a minimum go above the historical nominal high of $148/b from 2008.

Thus the outlook for the oil price for the rest of the year doesn’t depend all that much of whether Trump pulls a TACO or not. Stops bombing or not. It depends more on who is in charge in Iran. If it is the hardliners, then deterrence against future attacks via chocking of the SoH and high oil prices is the likely line of action. It is impacting the world but the Iranian ’oil-weapon’ is directed towards the US president and the the US midterm elections.

If a pragmatic faction gets to power in Iran, then a very prosperous future is possible. However, if power is shifting towards a more pragmatic faction in Iran then a completely different direction could evolve. Such a faction could possibly be open for cooperation with the US and the GCC and possibly put its issues versus Israel aside. Then the prosperity we have seen evolving in Dubai could be a possible future also for Iran.

Annons

So far it looks like the hardliners are fully in charge. As far as we can see, the hardliners are still fully in control in Iran. That points towards continued chocking of the SoH and oil prices ticking higher as global inventories (the oil market buffers) are drawn lower. And not just for a few more weeks, but possibly all the way to the US midterm elections.

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Oil stress is rising as the supply chains and buffers are drained

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1 månad sedan

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17 mars, 2026

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A brief sigh of relief yesterday as oil infra at Kharg wasn’t damaged. But higher today. Brent crude dabbled around a bit yesterday in relief that oil infrastructure at Iran’s Kharg island wasn’t damaged. It traded briefly below the 100-line and in a range of $99.54 – 106.5/b. Its close was near the low at $100.21/b.

No easy victorious way out for Trump. So no end in sight yet. Brent is up 3.2% today to $103.4/b with no signs that the war will end anytime soon. Trump has no easy way to declare victory and mission accomplished as long as Iran is in full control of the Strait of Hormuz while also holding some 440 kg of uranium enriched to 60% and not far from weapons grade at 90%. As long as these two factors are unresolved it is difficult for Trump to pull out of the Middle East. Naturally he gets increasingly frustrated over the situation as the oil price and US retail gas prices keeps ticking higher while the US is tied into the mess in the Middle East. Trying to drag NATO members into his mess but not much luck there.

When commodity prices spike they spike 2x, 3x, 4x or 5x. Supply and demand for commodities are notoriously inflexible. When either of them shifts sharply, the the price can easily go to zero (April 2022) or multiply 2x, 3x, or even 5x of normal. Examples in case cobalt in 2025 where Kongo restricted supply and the price doubled. Global LNG in 2022 where the price went 5x normal for the full year average. Demand for tungsten in ammunition is up strongly along with full war in the middle east. And its price? Up 537%.

Why hasn’t the Brent crude oil price gone 2x, 3x, 4x or 5x versus its normal of $68/b given close to full stop in the flow of oil of the Strait of Hormuz? We are after all talking about close to 20% of global supply being disrupted. The reason is the buffers. It is fairly easy to store oil. Commercial operators only hold stocks for logistical variations. It is a lot of oil in commercial stocks, but that is predominantly because the whole oil system is so huge. In addition we have Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPRs) of close to 2500 mb of crude and 1000 mb of oil products. The IEA last week decided to release 400 mb from global SPR. Equal to 20 days of full closure of the Strait of Hormuz. Thus oil in commercial stocks on land, commercial oil in transit at sea and release of oil from SPRs is currently buffering the situation.

But we are running the buffers down day by day. As a result we see gradually increasing stress here and there in the global oil market. Asia is feeling the pinch the most. It has very low self sufficiency of oil and most of the exports from the Gulf normally head to Asia. Availability of propane and butane many places in India (LPG) has dried up very quickly. Local prices have tripled as a result. Local availability of crude, bunker oil, fuel oil, jet fuel, naphtha and other oil products is quickly running down to critical levels many places in Asia with prices shooting up. Oman crude oil is marked at $153/b. Jet fuel in Singapore is marked at $191/b.

Oil at sea originating from Strait of Hormuz from before 28 Feb is rapidly emptied. Oil at sea is a large pool of commercial oil. An inventory of oil in constant move. If we assume that the average journey from the Persian Gulf to its destinations has a volume weighted average of 13.5 days then the amount of oil at sea originating from the Persian Gulf when the the US/Israel attacked on 28 Feb was 13.5 days * 20 mb/d = 269 mb. Since the strait closed, this oil has increasingly been delivered at its destinations. Those closest to the Strait, like Pakistan, felt the emptying of this supply chain the fastest. Propane prices shooting to 3x normal there already last week and restaurants serving cold food this week is a result of that. Some 50-60% of Asia’s imports of Naphtha normally originates from the Persian Gulf. So naphtha is a natural pain point for Asia. The Gulf also a large and important exporter of Jet fuel. That shut in has lifted jet prices above $200/b.

To simplify our calculations we assume that no oil has left the Strait since that date and that there is no increase in Saudi exports from Yanbu. Then the draining of this inventory at sea originated from the Persian Gulf will essentially look like this:

The supply chain of oil at sea originating from the Strait of Hormuz is soon empty. Except for oil allowed through the Strait of Hormuz by Iran and increased exports from Yanbu in the Red Sea. Not included here.

Oil at sea is falling fast as oil is delivered without any new refill in the Persian Gulf. Waivers for Russian crude is also shifting Russian crude to consumers. Brent crude will likely start to feel the pinch much more forcefully when oil at sea is drawn down another 200 mb to around 1000 mb. That is not much more than 10 days from here.

Oil and oil products are starting to become very pricy many places. Brent crude has still been shielded from spiking like the others.

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Buy Brent Dec-2026 calls with strike $150/b!

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1 månad sedan

den

13 mars, 2026

Redaktionen

Closing at highest since Aug 2022. Brent crude gained 9.2% yesterday. The trading range was limited to $95.2 – 101.85/b with a close at $100.46/b and higher than the Monday close of $98.96/b. Ydy close was the highest close since August 2022. This morning Brent is up 2% to $102.4/b and is trading at the highest intraday level since Monday when it high an intraday high of $119.5/b.

A military hit at Iran’s Kharg island would be a big, big bang for the oil price. The big, big risk for the weekend is that oil infrastructure could be damaged. For example Iran’s Kharg island which is Iran’s major oil export hub. If damaged we would have a longer lasting loss of supply stretching way beyond Trump’s announced ”two more weeks”. It will make the spot price spike higher and it will lift the curve. Brent crude 2027 swap would jump above $80/b immediately. An attack on Kharg island would naturally lead Iran to strike back at other oil infrastructures in the Gulf. Especially those belonging to countries who harbor US military bases. I.e. countries who essentially are supporting the attack by US and Israel towards Iran. Though if not in spirit, then in practical operational terms. An attack on Kharg island would not just lead to a lasting outage of supply from Iran until it would be repaired. It would immediately endanger other oil infrastructure in the region as well and additional lasting loss of supply.

No one in their right mind would dare to sit short oil over the coming weekend. Oil is thus set to close the week at a very strong note today.

Prepare for another 400 mb SPR release next week. This week’s announcement of a 400 mb release from Strategic Oil Reserves totally underwhelmed the market with the oil price going higher rather than lower following the announcement. For one it means that the market expects the war and the closure of the Strait of Hormuz to last longer than Trump’s recent announced ”two more weeks”. 400 mb only amounts to 20 days of lost supply to the world through Hormuz and we are already at day 14. So next week when we are getting close to the 20 day mark, we are likely to see another announcement of another 400 mb release of SPR stocks to the market. Preparing for the next 20 days of war.

Global oil logistics in total disarray. We have previously addressed the issue of the huge logistical web of the global oil market which is now in total disarray. The logistical disruption started to fry the oil market at the end of last week. Helped to spike the oil market on Monday. What we hear from our shipping clients is that the problems with supply of fuels locally in Korea, Singapore, India and Africa are getting worse with physical availability of fuels there drying up. It is getting increasingly difficult to find physical supply of bunker oil with local, physical prices shooting way higher than financial benchmarks. To the point that biofuels have become the cheap option many places. Availability of fuels in the US is still good. Not so surprising as the US is self-sufficient with crude and refineries.

The disruption in global oil logistics doesn’t seem to improve. Rather the opposite. If you cannot get fuel to run your ships, then how can you distribute fuels to where it is needed.

Buy Brent Dec-2026 calls with strike $150/b!! As the days goes by the oil price is ticking higher while Trump is getting one day closer to US midterm elections. Trump was betting that he could put this war to bead well before November. But that will probably not be up to him to decide. It will be up to Iran to decide when to reopen the Strait of Hormuz. It is very hard to imagine that Iran will let Trump easily off the hock after he has killed its Supreme Leader. This will likely go all the way to November. Buy Brent Dec-2026 calls with strike $150/b!!

Brent closed at highest since 2022 ydy. Will end this Friday at a very strong note! Consumers still dreaming of $60/b oil