Analys
SEB Metals price forecast update
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Softer economic growth in 2024 calls for somewhat softer metals prices in 2024. Industrial metals prices as well as other commodity prices exploded during Covid-19 as governments around the world unleashed stimuli in the magnitude of 10x of what was done during the global financial crisis in 2008/09. Consumers shifting spending from services to consumer goods added to the boom. Bloomberg’s industrial metals price index was up 91% in March 2022 versus January 2020 because of this. Global manufacturing PMI peaked in May 2021 and has been fading since and below the 50-line from September 2022 with latest reading at 48.8. Industrial metals prices have faded since their peak in March 2022 but are still 30% higher than they were in January 2020. Even zinc, the worst performing metal, is still 9% above where it was in January 2020. As such one could possibly argue that industrial metals have not yet fully faded from their Covid-19 stimulus boom. One possible explanation could be inflation where US inflation is up 19% over the period. But this still leaves industrial metals up 11% in real terms. Another possible explanation is the big jump in energy prices over the period. While coal and gas prices have fallen back a lot, they are still quite high. The coal price in western Europe is 110% above where it was at the start 2020 and 50% above its 2010-2019 average. Most industrial metals are highly energy intensive to produce with digging and crushing of rocks, smelting, and refining of ore. The current aluminium price of USD 2215/ton is for example well aligned with coal prices. In addition to this there has also been significant closures of zinc and aluminium smelting capacity in Europe which probably have supported prices for these metals.
Global economic growth is forecasted to slow from 3.5% in 2022, to 3.0% in 2023 and then again to 2.9% in 2024 as the big jump in interest rates induce economic pain with a lag. Aligned with this we expect lower industrial metals prices in 2024 than in 2023 though only marginally lower for most of the metals. But the field of metals is wide, and the price action is thus adverse. Copper is likely the metal with the most strained supply and with huge needs in the global energy transition.
Aluminium: Prices will likely be depressed versus marginal costs in 2024. Aluminium from Russia is flowing unhindered to the market. Most is going to China for reprocessing and potentially re-exported while some is going to Turkey and Italy. It is all flowing into the global pool of aluminium and as such impacting the global market balance. The LME 3mth aluminium price is currently well aligned with coal prices and both have traded mostly sideways since June this year. Aluminium premiums in the EU have however fallen 30-40% since mid-June in a sign of weakness there. The global market will likely run a surplus in 2024 with depressed prices versus the marginal cost of production.
Copper: Softer fundamentals in 2024 but with accelerating tightness on the horizon. Copper is currently trading at USD 8470/ton and close to 37% above its early Jan 2020 level. The market is expected to run a slight surplus in 2024 followed by accelerating tightness the following years. Downside price risk for 2024 is thus warranted along with softer global growth. The power of Unions is however getting stronger in Latin America with demands for higher salaries. Strikes have broken out in Peru with production at the Las Bambas copper mine at only 20%. Further strikes and disruptions could quickly put the market into deficit also in 2024.
Nickel: Indonesia pursuing market share over price pushing the price down the cost curve. Indonesia’s nickel production is growing rapidly. Its production reached 1.6 million ton in 2022 (+54% YoY) and accounted for close to 50% of total global supply in 2022. Its share looks set to reach 70% by 2030. Lower prices will stimulate demand and will also force higher cost producers to shut down thus making room for the wave of new supply from Indonesia. Prices will be sluggis the nearest years as Indonesia aims for market share over price.
Zinc: Price has stabilized around USD 2500/t. Weakness in global construction will drive prices lower at times in 2024. The 3mth LME zinc price has fallen from a peak of USD 4499/ton in April 2022 to only USD 2248/ton in May 2023. Since then, it has recovered steadily to USD 2500/ton. Demand could struggle in 2024 as construction globally will likely struggle with high interest rates. But mine closures is a natural counter effect of low prices and will put a floor under prices.
Price outlook
Bjarne Schieldrop
Cheif Commodities Analyst
SEB Commodity Research
Analys
Anticipated demand weakness sends chills
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Brent crude stabilized around USD 73 per barrel yesterday and this morning, following U.S. inventory data that showed significant draws for yet another week, along with OPEC’s decision to delay output hikes for two months. However, the shift in OPEC+ strategy wasn’t enough to offset the sharp losses in crude prices witnessed over the past few weeks, with Brent falling by USD 8.5 per barrel (10.3%) since late August. This recent decline has largely been driven by concerns over fragile demand.
Looking ahead, despite the bullish U.S. inventory report (detailed below), the market’s focus remains on the anticipated weakness in crude and product demand, which is overshadowing positive signals. Deep concerns persist, especially regarding China, which typically accounts for roughly 40% of annual global demand growth.
Moreover, the current change in OPEC+ strategy does not guarantee stability moving forward. There is still uncertainty around how OPEC+ will proceed: whether it will continue to delay production or release more volumes to the market. Historically, OPEC+ has maintained a ”price floor” at USD 80+ per barrel, stepping in to support prices. However, this floor may now be shifting. Lastly, the Russia-Ukraine diesel shock has mostly dissipated, leading to a decline in the diesel crack and global diesel prices, which in turn is reducing stress on crude markets.
U.S. crude oil refinery inputs averaged 16.9 million barrels per day last week, reflecting a slight increase from the prior week, with refineries operating at 93.3% capacity. U.S. commercial crude inventories dropped by 6.9 million barrels, bringing the total to 418.3 million barrels—about 5% below the five-year average for this time of year, signaling a clear tightness in supply.
Since June, U.S. crude inventories have consistently shown substantial draws (see page 12), underscoring strong implied demand (see page 15) and slower-than-expected production growth. U.S. crude production appears to have plateaued, and its trajectory for the rest of the year will be crucial to monitor.
Gasoline inventories rose by 0.8 million barrels but remained 2% below the five-year average, while distillate (diesel) inventories fell by 0.4 million barrels, standing a significant 10% below their historical average.
On the import side, U.S. crude oil imports averaged 5.8 million barrels per day last week, down by 768,000 barrels from the previous week, further contributing to the supply draw. With China’s weakening economy now a focal point for commodities markets, pushing industrial commodities lower, the energy sector remains vulnerable but resilient for now.
Gasoline production reached 9.7 million barrels per day, and diesel production hit 5.2 million barrels per day, both reflecting steady output. Additionally, overall petroleum inventories fell by 8.0 million barrels (see page 14).
Earlier this week, we released our updated Oil and Gas Price Outlook, which provides detailed projections and insights into market trends through 2027. In the report, we forecast lower oil prices in 2025 as the market shifts to surplus, driven by tepid demand growth – particularly from China – and rising production both within and outside of OPEC+. We expect OPEC+ to tolerate some price declines in exchange for higher volumes, which could lead to increased price volatility. Yet, a market deficit is likely to return in 2026, setting the stage for a price rebound. In the natural gas market, tight LNG supply conditions are expected to sustain upward price pressure through 2024 and 2025, despite high EU inventories, with relief coming in late 2026 as new production capacity becomes available.
Analys
Brent crude will fluctuate more as OPEC+ loosens market control
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Market focuses on China weakness and more supply from OPEC+ while the sound of Israeli rockets in Lebanon one weak ago are fading. Following a high of USD 80.53/b on Monday last week (following Lebanon – Israel rocket exchange on Sunday 25 Aug.) the Brent November contract traded downhill and ended the week at USD 76.93/b. On a Friday to Friday basis however, the November contract was down by only 1.6%. So not at all a total route. This morning the Brent Nov. contract is down 0.7% at USD 76.4/b on combined concerns for the Chinese economy and increasing signs that OPEC+ will indeed lift production in Q4-24 as earlier signaled. The current disturbances in Libya’s oil production could provide room for added supply from OPEC+. But fluctuations in Libya’s oil production has become quite normal over the latest years and any outages will probably be short lived. And to what we can understand from the news flow there has been given signals for restart of production already.
![Bjarne Schieldrop, Chief analyst commodities, SEB](https://ravarumarknaden.se/wp-content/uploads/bjarne-schieldrop-seb.jpg)
Softer towards the end of the year? The Brent crude oil price has a historical tendency for weakness in the latter part of the year. With continued deterioration in China and added barrels from OPEC+ in Q4-24 this could very well be the case also this year.
Brent will likely move over a wider range with softer market control by OPEC+. OPEC+ looks set to move to a softer price control regime. Shifting from a strict ”price” focus regime to some kind of hybrid ”price/volume” market control. This should allow the Brent crude oil price to fluctuate more. The difference between the highest and the lowest Brent crude oil price over the past 400 days is only USD 27.6/b. The median since 2009 is USD 50/b.
Bearish concerns for the future. But market looks tight here and now and Mid-East is very unstable. Lots of bearish talk and concerns, but physical signals are still tight. US oil inventories have been falling steadily and counter seasonally over the past 6 weeks and floating global crude stocks have fallen sharply and by more than 50 m barrels since a peak in June. Combine this with the very unstable situation in the Middle East and it is not so easy to sit with large short positions in oil.
The Brent crude November contract in USD/b
52 week ranking of Net long specs in Brent + WTI and ranking of Brent crude curve backwardation
Net long spec for Brent + WTI in million barrels
Historical average Brent crude oil prices per month since 2008 in nominal USD/b
Brent crude 400 day rolling High-Low price spread in USD/b difference
Total US commercial crude and product stocks in million barrels
Global, floating crude oil stocks in million barrels.
Analys
Fear of coming weakness trumps current tightness
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Brent crude has continued its decline from earlier this week, dropping USD 2 per barrel since yesterday’s high in the afternoon, a decline of approximately 2.6%. It is currently trading at USD 75.9 per barrel, nearing its lowest level since early August and approaching the yearly low of USD 74.8 per barrel from early January.
Looking ahead, despite a bullish U.S. inventory report (detailed below), the fear of future weakness is overshadowing this positive news.
As highlighted in Tuesday’s crude oil comment, at the top of our “worry list” is the deteriorating economic outlook in China, which is worsening more rapidly than previously anticipated. Recent data from July indicates that bank loans to the real economy contracted for the first time in 19 years. Despite lower interest rates, corporations are not borrowing due to a loss of confidence. Fewer loans equate to reduced economic activity, which is evident in the decline in factory output. This situation intensifies concerns about Chinese oil demand, as the market increasingly believes that the weakness in Chinese oil imports may not be a temporary blip but a more sustained issue.
Additionally, yesterday’s sharp crude sell-off was influenced by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) adjustment, which revealed 818,000 fewer jobs than expected—the largest downward revision since 2009. While the Fed’s July meeting minutes had already reflected doubts about previous job data, making the revision less surprising, it nonetheless reinforces the view that the labor market is cooling, strengthening the case for a potential rate cut in September.
It is also worth noting that when crude oil prices were at current levels earlier in the year, the ’dated to front’ line was negative, whereas it is now positive. This shift suggests a fairly tight physical market, further evidenced by continuous inventory drawdowns.
U.S. commercial crude oil inventories (excl. SPR) dropped by 4.6 million barrels, bringing the total to 426 million barrels, which is approximately 5% below the five-year average for this time of year. Gasoline inventories fell by 1.6 million barrels and are 3% below the five-year average. Distillate (diesel) inventories also saw a drawdown of 3.3 million barrels, leaving them 10% below the five-year average. Overall, total commercial petroleum inventories declined by 5.9 million barrels last week—a clear indication of current market tightness.
Looking ahead to other potential weaknesses, the normalization of refinery margins suggests significantly less demand from refineries compared to the very strong margins seen in 2022, most of 2023, and the beginning of 2024. Consequently, we can expect reduced crude demand for refining in the future, reinforcing the expectation of “coming weaknesses.” Against this backdrop, a retest of the yearly low remains a possibility.
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