David Hargreaves on Iron ore, week 14 2012

Iron Ore continues to dominate news in the bulk trade, as befits a mineral whose output is measured at over one billion tonnes per year and growing at over 6% annually. That alone is the combined exports of Canada and South Africa.

Of greatest importance is that as an export-driven trade, critical to producers such as Australia, Brazil, India and the CIS. Further, almost 60% of all is destined for China and 20% for Japan and South Korea. The market is effectively polarised.

Contract pricing ruled for many years in annual bargains driven by the above importers and the major producing companies Vale SA (24% world production), Rio Tinto (14%) and BHPB (10%). Now it has all but broken down and been replaced by reference to the spot market. The growth of that mechanism owes much to the development of diversified production bases in West Africa and continued growth in the established mining locations. Much has been made of the possible economic slowdown in China. In context, this means that last year’s 9.3% increase may only be 8% this year. That is still another 80Mtpy. There are warnings of the spot price softening but this has not been borne out. It further nudged up to $145.2/t thisweek even as new investment and output news flows in. Increasingly, users are investing in mines to secure supplies.

• Japanese trader Marubeni is teaming up with South Korea’s steel maker Posco and ship builder STX to buy 30% of the Roy Hill project in Australia, whose plan is to hit 55Mtpy by 2014. That works out at about $220/t of output or 1.50 x the sales price.

• AIM listed but with loftier ambitions, London Mining (285p; Hi-Lo 438p-256p) is now fully funded to boost capacity at its Marampa, Sierra Leone mine to 5Mtpy. It has an offtake agreement with trading company Vitol. It also has an offtake contract with Glencore. Both have prepayment clauses. There is a further target of 9Mtpy.

Iron ore pricing. Wood MacKenzie sees iron ore supply and demand coming into balance over the next few years and the price slowly to decline. Their range is $157/t in 2012, $155/t in 2013 and $140/t in 2014. They warn of projects in the riskier and less developed regions suffering. Demand growth in China is pitched at 5% per year. They look for coking coal, essential to steel making, to average $200-215/t in the next few years.

Chrome Ore. A much misunderstood metal, its major end use is as ferro-chrome for use in steel making, particularly the stainless variety. This is achieved by mixing the ore with iron and coke, a relatively expensive process but with a resultant price enhancement. Resources are not a problem, measuring over 300 years at present rates of usage. However they lie selectively in RSA (70%) Russia and CIS (10%) and Zimbabwe (10%). South Africa has long been the dominant producer, but its share of supply as ferro-chrome (as opposed to chrome ore) has slipped from 50% in 2001 to 42% now, with China’s share up in the same period from 5% to 25%. Much of China’s output arises from raw ore shipped from RSA. This has been noticed in high places. They tell us the industry employs 200,000 people and its exports are worth R42bn to GDP. So there is a call to slap a duty of $100/t on raw chrome exports, to encourage local beneficiation. Problem: it is energy intensive and to show the comic-tragic nature of the situation, even as the call went out for the export tax, at least one ferrochrome producer was cutting back on its electricity usage at the behest of power generator Eskom. You can’t have your pasties and eat them, chaps

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About David Hargreaves

David Hargreaves

David Hargreaves is a mining engineer with over forty years of senior experience in the industry. After qualifying in coal mining he worked in the iron ore mines of Quebec and Northwest Ontario before diversifying into other bulk minerals including bauxite. He was Head of Research for stockbrokers James Capel in London from 1974 to 1977 and voted Mining Analyst of the year on three successive occasions.

Since forming his own metals broking and research company in 1977, he has successfully promoted and been a director of several public companies. He currently writes “The Week in Mining”, an incisive review of world mining events, for stockbrokers WH Ireland. David’s research pays particular attention to steel via the iron ore and coal supply industries. He is a Chartered Mining Engineer, Fellow of the Geological Society and the Institute of Mining, Minerals and Materials, and a Member of the Royal Institution. His textbook, “The World Index of Resources and Population” accurately predicted the exponential rise in demand for steel industry products.